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Chapter 26

Chapter 26 . Imperialism Alliances War. Imperialism. You got some and I want some, too. These factors made it possible for Europeans to impose their will on other peoples in the late 19 th century . Factors: . Technological superiority

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Chapter 26

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  1. Chapter 26 Imperialism Alliances War

  2. Imperialism You got some and I want some, too.

  3. These factors made it possible for Europeans to impose their will on other peoples in the late 19th century

  4. Factors: • Technological superiority • Confidence in their rightness of purpose & way of life • Centrally organize nation-states

  5. New Imperialism • Capital investments • Transform local economies & cultures • Annexation? • Direct rule? • Less industrialized countries • Develop mines, railroads, bridges, harbors, communication systems

  6. Motives for New Imperialism • Strategic considerations • Political considerations

  7. Chief advocates of the economic interpretation of imperialism • Vladimir Lenin • J. A. Hobson

  8. Religious groups • Argued most strongly • European nations must civilize foreign lands

  9. Scramble for Africa • An inaccessible continent • Only coastal areas to 1800 • Portuguese first • Stanley & Livingstone • Leopold II (Belgium) becomes a player • FranceAlgeria, Morocco, Tunisia • GB grabs Suez 1880s

  10. Germany in Africa • German imperialism centered in EAST Africa • Bismarck—improve Germany's diplomatic position in Europe • Congress of Berlin

  11. African Resistance • Samori Toure (Mandinka) fought French in West Africa • Queen Yaa Asatewa (Asante) fought the British (1896) • K. Menelik II (Ethiopia) defeated Italy in Battle of Adowa • Zulu, Matabele, Mashone in Southern Rhodesia (1890s)

  12. By 1900, all but Ethiopia & Liberia have been colonized

  13. Imperialist methods of governing • Europe could not afford to support colonies • Direct rule • Indirect rule • Proprietary • Day – to – day effect is same

  14. “settler” colonies “economic” colonies Clan & village relations disrupted & destroyed Infrastructure built to serve exploitation NOT development Missionaries collaborated with colonists against African interests Moroccan Crises Fashoda Crisis Boer War & Union of South Africa (1900-10) Impact on African societies

  15. Other areas (transparency) • Far East—Japan, China • India • Indonesia • ONE BIG GAME OF “RISK” ™

  16. Great Britain • Opposed the idea of further political interference in other lands • Economic interference was OK • Did bring benefits to Britain’s colonies

  17. Japan • “Open Door Policy” • Allowed businessmen to trade w/ Japan on equal terms

  18. Treaty of San Stephano • Freed the Slavic states in the Balkans from Ottoman rule • Where are the Balkans?

  19. Congress of Berlin 1878 • Check Russia’s intervention in the Slavic & Ottoman affairs • Was a blow to Russian ambitions—lost potential & actual territories • Met under Bismarck’s leadership • INFLUENCE

  20. “Jingoism” • Super-patriotism • “We don’t want to fight, But by jingo if we do, We’ve got the men, We’ve got the ships, We’ve got the money too. The Russians will not have Constantinople!”

  21. Alliances “Let’s you and me gang up on the other guy…”

  22. Bismarck & Alliances • Complicated system of secret alliances • “honest broker” • Wanted no new territory (Europe) & preserve peace • Nemesis—William II

  23. Dual Alliance 1879 • Germany & Austria would come to each other’s aid if either were attacked by Russia (WWI) • If either were attacked by another country—maintain neutrality • Sought to isolate Russia

  24. Triple Alliance • Germany • Austria • Italy—didn’t want to be left out

  25. Bismarck’s complicated system of alliances was upset by the accession of William II to the German throne….

  26. William II (Germany) • Ruled by divine right • Germany—leading power of Europe • Victoria’s grandson • Goofed when he fired Bismarck • “world policy”

  27. Otto von Bismarck—legacy • Clear & limited idea of nation’s goals • Resistance to pressures for European expansion • Knowledge of other countries’ needs & hopes

  28. A force for unity & European stability • Peace through strength

  29. More William II • Hired Gen. Leo von Caprivi as chancellor • Germany is enemy of GB—colonialism • Facing Franco-Russian alliance--defensive • Caprivi wants to ally w/GB • GB is fulcrum to balance of power

  30. William II • Envies & loves GB—wants navy • Admiral Tirpitz—risk theory • Germany can build a big enough fleet to do enough damage to make the British navy inferior to other powers. • Not so much a war threat • “Anything you can do, we can do better!”

  31. Entente Cordiale • GB & France • France & Russia • Not a formal treaty—patched up colonial differences (GB & Fr) • Russia? Didn’t GB side w/Japan 1904/5? • Fear of Germany makes strange bedfellows….zzzz

  32. Great Britain France Russia Triple Entente Vs. Triple Alliance Triple Entente 1907

  33. Bismarck’s nightmare Possible 2 front war with France & Russia

  34. ~ Germany needed a contingency plan for a two-front war ~ Schlieffen Plan (WWI)

  35. Dr. Zhivago A brief look at the Russian Revolution & the Provisional Government

  36. The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution (p.916-917) • Let’s take a look at this document

  37. Russian miscellany • Provisional Government—Duma w/ Constitutional Democrats (Cadets) • Soviet—council of workers/soldiers • Organized by Mensheviks—needed the bourgeois before the proletariat revolution could be achieved • Alexander Kerensky—moderate socialist • Took over leadership of Provisional Govt.

  38. Provisional Government • Failed in Russia in 1917 • Disillusionment with the War • Provisional govt. continued to support it • Shortage of food • Growing demand by peasants for land reform

  39. Vladimir Lenin--Bolshevik • German intervention • Saw opportunity to ally peasants & workers • More/less failure • Fled to Finland • Leon Trotsky (collaborator) jailed • Force of personality • Charisma

  40. Bolshevik Success • Right-wing countercoup against P.G.—failed • Opportunity for Trotsky—Petrograd soviet • Lenin back • Trotsky organized coup—Nov6—bloody • Bolsheviks rule Russia

  41. Bolshevik (Communist) Dictatorship • Nationalized land—gave to peasant proprietors • Church property nationalized • RUSSIA OUT OF WWI • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 • Yielded Poland, Baltic states, Ukraine • Pay many rubles (war indemnity)

  42. 1918-1921 Civil War • “Reds” v. “Whites” • Reds supported Revolution • White opposed Revolution/supported the Czar

  43. 1918 • Czar Nicholas II & family murdered • No going back • Trade one absolute ruler for another

  44. By 1921 Lenin and his supporters were in firm control of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

  45. Peace? Kinda, maybe, sorta Or Previews of coming attractions….

  46. German defeat • German army disintegrated—William II abdicated—Nov. 9, 1918 • Germany defeated? How? No foreign troops on German soil… • Germans expected a negotiated & mild settlement • “Gee, golly whiz! We’re sorry!”

  47. Changes withIN/withOUT Europe • Fascism • Inevitable progress based on reason, science & technologygave way to cynicism, nihilism, dictatorship, official racism, class warfare • Europe no longer the center of the world

  48. Peacemakers • Obstacles • Limited secret sessions • Public opinion • Wilson’s idealism • Compromise difficult • Nationalism • Redraw map of Europe? How?

  49. World turmoil • Fear of the spread of Bolshevism • Bavaria • Hungary • Fear of Germany (France)

  50. Treaty of Versailles A mixture of idealism & cynicism

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