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Towards Mobile Phone Localization without War-Driving

Towards Mobile Phone Localization without War-Driving. Location is an IP address. for content delivery. Is GPS the solution? Pros: Good accuracy Cons: Poor battery lifetime Is GSM the solution?

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Towards Mobile Phone Localization without War-Driving

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  1. Towards Mobile Phone Localization without War-Driving

  2. Location is an IP address for content delivery

  3. Is GPS the solution? Pros: Good accuracy Cons: Poor battery lifetime Is GSM the solution? Pros: Long battery lifetime Cons: Poor accuracy

  4. What about WiFi Localization? E.g., SkyHook: • Basic Idea: • Several trucks war-drive a place • Create Radio map = <Location: WiFi IDs> • Distribute map to phones • Phone user goes to war-driven region, overhears WiFi IDs • Reverse Look Up IDs against radio map • Obtains location

  5. Is Skyhook the solution? Middle Ground Lower Accuracy than GPS, Longer Battery lifetime Better Accuracy than GSM, Shorter Battery lifetime but …

  6. Is Skyhook the solution? Middle Ground Lower Accuracy than GPS, Longer Battery lifetime Better Accuracy than GSM, Shorter Battery lifetime but … At the cost of: • Degraded location accuracy: walking paths ~ 60m • Reliance on infrastructure (APs) • War-driving ($$ + carbon footprint) “NYTimes: Skyhook fleet 500 trucks/drivers”

  7. Visual Representation Of the State of the Art (Duke Campus)

  8. No Eng. Eff. & Acc. Solution Skyhook Better than GPS Eng. Eff. SkyHook GPS unusable with phone battery GSM too inaccurate

  9. Eng. Eff. & Acc. Solution CompAcc GPS unusable with phone battery GSM too inaccurate GPS unusable with phone battery

  10. Contents • CompAcc • Evaluation • Limitations and Future Work • Conclusion

  11. Contents • CompAcc • Evaluation • Limitations and Future Work • Conclusion

  12. Goals • No War-Driving • Cannot drive walking paths (campus, parks, …) • Expensive / Environment unfriendly • No reliance on WiFi infrastructure • Rural regions / developing countries • Good accuracy (~GPS) • Improve energy-efficiency • Better than Skyhook, GPS

  13. CompAcc: Basic Idea • Direction(compass) + Displacement(accelerometer) = User’s directional trail Directional Trail

  14. CompAcc: Basic Idea • Direction(compass) + Displacement(accelerometer) = User’s directional trail • Compute path signatures • Derived from a local electronic map (Google Maps) Path Signature …

  15. CompAcc: Basic Idea • Direction(compass) + Displacement(accelerometer) = User’s directional trail • Compute path signatures • Derived from a local electronic map (Google Maps) • Compare directional trail with path signatures • Best match provides the user location Path Signature … Directional Trail

  16. Correct location errors at turns … Path Signature Directional Trail

  17. Correct location errors at turns … Path Signature … Path Signature Directional Trail Directional Trail

  18. Advantages • No war-driving • No reliance on WiFi infrastructure • Maps available ubiquitously • Improves battery lifetime • GPS ~10h • Skyhook ~16h • Accelerometer ~ 39h • Compass ~48h

  19. Architecture Tile Database 1. Initial location GPS:(lat X, long Y) Tile 3. Obtain paths in the user vicinity 6. Current location (lat A, long B) 2. Report initial location(lat X, long Y) Initial location Directional trail Current location 4. Direction(Compass) 5. Displacement(Accelerometer) CompAcc

  20. Directional trail: displacement • Accelerometer based step count • displacement = step_count * step_size

  21. Directional trail: direction

  22. Directional trail: direction

  23. Path Signature • Extract from Google Maps • Geodesic formulas

  24. Matching Directional Trail with Path Signatures Path Signature Directional Trail Dissimilarity Metric: ci = compass readings pi = path computed direction N = directional trail size

  25. Contents • CompAcc • Evaluation • Limitations and Future Work • Conclusion

  26. Results • Compared 3 localization schemes • CompAcc • Skyhook • Wifi-War-Walk (We war-droved walking paths in campus) • Metrics Instantaneous Error = distance(estimated, real) Average Localization Error (ALE) = Average Instantaneous Error

  27. CompAcc Instantaneous Error

  28. CompAcc Instantaneous Error

  29. Results

  30. Results

  31. Results Average ALE GPS: 10m CompAcc: 11m WiFi-War-Walk: 30m Skyhook: 70m Energy GPS: 10h CompAcc: 23h WiFi-War-Walk:16h Skyhook:16h

  32. Skyhook CompAcc g – GPS s – Skyhook c - CompAcc Assume GPS is absolute truth Assume GPS is absolute truth

  33. Contents • CompAcc • Evaluation • Limitations and Future Work • Conclusion

  34. Limitations and Future Work • Map Generation • Manually mark footpaths • User Position Estimated along the Path • Apply particle filters to accommodate wide roads • Multiplexing between Localization Methods • Hand-off to Skyhook/GPS when driving • Extend to vehicular movement

  35. Contents • CompAcc • Evaluation • Limitations and Future Work • Conclusion

  36. CompAcc • Today’s localization technologies limited • Energy- Efficiency • Coverage/Accuracy • Rely on simple localization mechanism • Need: Compass, Accelerometer and Maps • Evaluation results: • ALE: 11m • Battery: 23h • CompAcc scales to any mapped part of the world

  37. Questions? Thank You! Visit the SyNRG research group @ http://synrg.ee.duke.edu/

  38. Additional Slides

  39. Skyhook on walking paths g – GPS position S – Skyhook position Assume GPS is absolute truth

  40. Skyhook Coverage

  41. Directional trail: displacement • Step count/displacement accuracy

  42. Trail/Path Size

  43. Fallback Mechanism: A-GPS • What if the dissimilarity metric is large? • Trigger A-GPS

  44. Fallback Mechanism 7th Street A 5th Street Estimated Location E Main St.

  45. Fallback Mechanism 7th Street A 5th Street Estimated Location E Main St.

  46. Context Pervasive wireless connectivity + Localization technology = Location-based applications (LBAs)

  47. Context Pervasive wireless connectivity + Localization technology = Location-based applications (LBAs) (iPhoneAppStore: 3000 LBAs, Android: 600 LBAs)

  48. Location-Based Applications (LBAs) Examples: Location-based recommendations, geo-tagging GeoLife: shopping list when near a grocery store TrafficSense: real-time traffic conditions Location expresses context of user • Facilitates content delivery

  49. Localization Technology AccuracyTechnologyEnergy-Efficiency 10m GPS 4h-8h 20-40m WiFi / Skyhook 16h 200-400m GSM ~days LBAs executed on mobile phones

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