1. SURVIVAL

2. Basic Rules • Remaining calm • Studying the situation make intelligent judgments • Get into an emergency shelter

3. Emergency Shelters • To provide a degree of immediate protection from a threatening environment • Construct shelter as soon as possible, in the daylight • Do NOT leave it to the last minute

4. Macdonald Shelter • Most practical solution to the emergency need for shelter

5. Emergency Bivy Bag • Can be used for sitting out the night

6. Snow Shelter (Quinzees) • Very effective emergency shelters if enough snow is available

7. Snow Trench • Dug or stomped into the snow 60 -120 cm deep

8. Natural Caves / Fallen Trees • Most effective if a poncho or tarp is used to close the opening and keep the wind and moisture from its occupant(s)

9. Basic Shelters • When snow is scarce, use other natural material to make a shelter

10. Fire & Emergency Heat • Begin with kindling which must stay hot long enough to burn increasingly larger sizes and amounts of fuel • Birch bark tissue • Evergreen twigs • Fire starter

11. Food & Nutrition • Food is critical to • Maintain body temperature • Provide energy for involuntary body functions • To move about under varying conditions • Emergency Rations • (Nordic skier) keep an emergency ration in their pack

12. Suggested Foods • Snacks (nibble frequently) • trail mix, "Gorp”, salted nuts, dried fruit, chocolate, hard candies, beef jerky • Liquids • eating snow if done to excess it can cause the mucous lining of the mouth • potable hot drinks: at least 2 litres a day • Salted nuts or well salted foods compensate for loss of salt through sweating, breathing and elimination

13. Maps & Compasses • More important for Nordic patrollers: • Learn the basics of how to use a map and a magnetic compass • For use with search and rescue • Helping skiers/boarders off a mountain • Dealing with white-out conditions • Best way to become comfortable withmaps and compass is through practice

14. Tips • Keep your map in a waterproof clear plastic folder or get it laminated • When giving compass bearings over the radio, be sure to specify whether the bearings are map (true) or magnetic • Off aim: when travelling toward a specific spot along a road or shoreline, deliberately aim to the left or right of the spot so that when you reach the road you will know which way to turn

15. Tips • Draw magnetic North lines on the maps you will be using • Tie a red ribbon or coloured cord on your compass to make it easier to find if dropped • When giving a grid reference location over the radio, be sure the receiver has the same map series, date, and scale