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The Islamic Empires

The Islamic Empires. 1450 - 1800. Concepts & Terms. Ethnocentrism Safi al-Din Sulemaniye Mosque Imams Mullahs Shah Padishah. Janissaries Vizier Chalderan Isfahan Sikhs Marattas. People. Mehmed II Abbas I [Great] Babur Humayan Akbar Din-i-Ilahi. Nadir Khan Afsher

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The Islamic Empires

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  1. The Islamic Empires 1450 - 1800

  2. Concepts & Terms • Ethnocentrism • Safi al-Din • Sulemaniye Mosque • Imams • Mullahs • Shah • Padishah • Janissaries • Vizier • Chalderan • Isfahan • Sikhs • Marattas

  3. People • Mehmed II • Abbas I [Great] • Babur • Humayan • Akbar • Din-i-Ilahi • Nadir Khan Afsher • Mumtaz Mahal • Aurangzeb • Nur Jahan • Isma’il • Safi al-Din

  4. Ottoman

  5. Safavid

  6. Essential Questions • How did the Shi’a / Sunni split effect relations in Dar al-Islam 1450 to 1800? • What is the political difference b/w the Ottomans and the Safavids? • How does cultural conservatism impact the future of the Ottoman Empire? • Why is there little impact from the biological exchanges of exploration in Dar al-Islam?

  7. Ottoman Empire • Osman Bey • Founder • Central Asian steppes- original location [Turks] • Powerful military • Ghazi - light cavalry • Janissaries – slave troops • DEVSHIRME – Balkan contributions • Young Christian boys – slave tribute • Captured Constantinople 1453 – Istanbul • Expanded into Serbia, Greece, Albania

  8. Constantinople / Istanbul

  9. Ottoman Expansion • Suleiman the Magnificent [1495-1556] • Into Syria– Egypt -Southwest Asia • Middle East • Into Europe • To Vienna, Italy, Malta • Powerful navy • Challenged European fleets • Lepanto – defeated by Spain 1571

  10. Ottoman – Safavid Rivalry • Ottomans • Ruled from Turkey • Sunni • Persecuted Shia • Secular Government • Victory at Chalderan • Safavid: [Shah] • Shia • Successors of Persia • Less secular • Ruled from Iran • Defeated Uzbeks • Central Asia

  11. Safavid Empire / Shah Abbas

  12. Mughal Dynasty • Babur • Descendent of Timur I lang • Akbar • Centralized government • Expanded into southern India • Aurangzeb • Entire Indian subcontinent • Provoked the hostility of Hindus • Taxation & destroyed Hindu temples

  13. Ottoman Imperial Rule • Dynastic state [not Islamic state] • Military creation • Prestige & authority derived from piety • Sultans: [Turk Ruler] • Ruled w/o regard to religious or social traditions • Contested succession

  14. Agriculture • Food and cash crops • Wheat & rice • Tobacco • Coffee houses b/c popular • American crops did not impact greatly • Result > low population growth

  15. Trade • Ottoman & Safavid • Occupied trade routes • Active involvement in global trade • Precludes the need to participate in New World trade. • Mughal • Not as focused on trade • Empire was enriched by trade • Because of location

  16. Wealth Through Trade

  17. Religion & Empire • Diversity often challenged rule • Christian missions • Goa - center of Portuguese missions • Jesuits - failed to convert Akbar who embraced the synchronized religion of Sikhs • Religious minorities • Conquered people protected • Cooperation b/w Muslims & Hindus

  18. Mughal GOA

  19. Famous Buildings

  20. Taj Mahal                  <>

  21. Islamic Capitals • ISTANBUL • Constantinople • Ottoman Empire • Topkapi Palace • Sultan’s residence • Suleymaniye • blend of Byzantine and Islamic elements • Fatehpur Sikri • abandoned b/c poor water supply • Mughal Empire • Taj Mahal • famous tomb and mosque

  22. Empires in Transition • Deterioration of Leadership 16th & 18th Centuries • negligent rulers - factions - corruption • Religious tensions b/c conservatives • Abandoned religious tolerance • Ottomans- protested telescope & printing press • Safavids-persecuted Sunnis, Sufis, non-Muslims • Mughals- Aurangzeb’s anti-Hindu policies

  23. Decline • ECONOMIC DECLINE • Reversal of expansion caused: • Official taxation • Corruption • Lost initiatives to European merchants • MILITARY DECLINE • Imported European weapons • No internal armament industries • Unable to maintain technological edge in armaments

  24. Cultural Insularity • Cultural Conservatism • Confident of cultural superiority • Ignored European cultural & technological developments • Ottomans: • Banned printing in Arabic & Turkish • Mughals: • no interest in printing technology • Islamic rulers preferred stability • avoided the risks of imported cultural & technological innovations

  25. Enduring Question • Give examples of cultural conservatism [cultural insularity] at work in the world today.

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