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Do Now

Do Now. Pick up a sheet from the front of the room. You have 8 minutes to complete this sheet. Please write all answers in decimal form. Challenge questions will provide inter-class tracking. Trade and grade!!. Find a pen of different ink. Trade with a neighbor.

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Do Now

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  1. Do Now • Pick up a sheet from the front of the room. • You have 8 minutes to complete this sheet. • Please write all answers in decimal form. • Challenge questions will provide inter-class tracking.

  2. Trade and grade!! • Find a pen of different ink. • Trade with a neighbor. • Write your name at the bottom.

  3. Email Addresses • On the back of your Do Now, write your email address. • MUCHIN email ONLY. • Write legibly. • If I can’t read it, you can’t get your DNQs online. • If you want to opt-out of the online option, I still need your email address for outlook. • THIS is the email address you will email me from, or I will issue demerits. I will also make a list for a weekly BLAST!

  4. Statistics & Ethics Today, I will be able to… Differentiate types of research with regard to purpose, strengths, and weaknesses. Apply basic descriptive statistical concepts, including interpreting and constructing graphs and calculating simple descriptive statistics.

  5. Agenda • Do Now • Correlation vs. Causation Lecture • Introduction to Statistics • Launch Ethics Debate & Announce Teams • Review for History and Approaches Quiz tomorrow • Homework: • Watch Khan Academy and take notes • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FtlH4svqx4 • AP Supplemental Text • I will actually check that you have read this.

  6. Reading Check!! • What are the three Goals of Research? • Describe • Explain • Predict

  7. Strategies of Behavioral Research • Descriptive Research • Describes the behavior, thoughts or feelings of a particular group of individuals. • Correlational Research • Investigates the relationships among various psychological variables. • Experimental Research • Involves manipulating or changing one variable to see whether changes occur as a consequence. • Quasi-Experimental Research

  8. Statistics • Descriptive Statistics (Review) • Central tendency • Variance • Inferential Statistics (Previewed) • Significance • Correlation

  9. Central Tendency • Mean • Mathematical average • Median • Middle number • Mode • Most common number 6 5 5 4 6 8 3 6 3 Median = 5 Mean = 5.1 Mode = 6

  10. Variance & Deviation • Range • The difference between the highest and lowest numbers 6 5 5 4 6 8 3 6 3 • Standard Deviation • How far most of the data is from the center • Ex: Your average is 4.3 and all the data is about .3 away from the mean. • Calculate the Standard Deviation for the following list: 6 5 5 4 6 8 3 6 3 + 0.3 = 4.6 4.0 = 0.3 - 4.3

  11. Calculating Standard Deviation

  12. Calculating Standard Deviation

  13. Calculating Standard Deviation

  14. Calculating Standard Deviation 1.6 √ 20.89 2.6 = = N-1 + 1.6 = 6.7 3.5 = 1.6 - 5.1

  15. Normal Curve • X-axis – Independent variable • Y-axis – Chances of Dependent variable results • Mean • Standard Deviation

  16. What is the IV? • What is the DV?

  17. How much of the data is contained in 1 SD? 2 SD? 3 SD?

  18. Significance • P-Value • Probability of getting your particular result if the Null Hypothesis is true • You get this from a z-score chart. • You may do this in your Statistics class. We will not do that here. • What DO you need to know about p-values? • They indicate the SIGNIFICANCE of your data. • Generally, p ≤ 0.05 is significant. p = 0.003 Significant? p = 0.17 p = 0.01 p = 0.005

  19. Correlation Positive or Negative • Indicates the direction. • Positive: Variables move in the same direction. • Negative: Variables move in different directions.

  20. Correlation Positive or Negative Correlation Coefficient Indicates the spread 0 = No visible relationship 1 or -1 = Direct relationship • Indicates the direction. • Positive: Variables move in the same direction. • Negative: Variables move in different directions.

  21. Correlation Positive or Negative Correlation Coefficient Indicates the spread 0 = No visible relationship 1 or -1 = Direct relationship • Indicates the direction. • Positive: Variables move in the same direction. • Negative: Variables move in different directions.

  22. Correlation Positive or Negative Correlation Coefficient Indicates the spread 0 = No visible relationship 1 or -1 = Direct relationship • Indicates the direction. • Positive: Variables move in the same direction. • Negative: Variables move in different directions.

  23. Things I never want to hear… • “I can’t.” • Direct, Indirect, Inverse. A B C

  24. Examples: Identify relationships. • The more children and youth use various media, the less happy they are with their lives (Kaiser, 2010). • The more sexual content teens see on TV, the more likely they are to have sex (Collins et al., 2004). • The longer children are breast-fed, the greater their later academic achievement (Horwood & Ferguson, 1998). • The more income rose among a sample of poor families, the fewer psychiatric symptoms their children experienced (Costello et al., 2003). Negative relationship Positive relationship Positive relationship Negative relationship

  25. Why can’t we infer causation? A B • A could be causing B • B could be causing A • A and B could be caused by C • Example: Khan Academy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROpbdO-gRUo A B A C B

  26. Ethics • Human Participants • Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to science. • Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation.  Informed consent • Deception must be justified. • Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. • Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks. • Investigators must debrief participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of results. • Data must remain confidential. • Animal Subjects

  27. Debate Specifics • 10 min / topic = 60 minutes (Thursday and Friday) • 1 min – Opening Statements (30 s per side) • 30 s – Present an argument • 30 s – Rebuttal • 18 exchanges over 9 minutes • You will be assigned a topic. • 6 topics • 1 & 5 are one topic • 2 & 3 are one topic • 4, 6, and 7 are their own topics • 1 for animal studies.

  28. Debate Groups _ Period 1

  29. Debate Groups _ Period 2

  30. Debate Groups _ Period 3

  31. Debate Groups _ Period 5

  32. Exit Ticket • From last week: How do psychologists use case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys to observe and describe behavior? • What are positive and negative correlations, and why do they enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation? • What are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect?

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