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Grade Distribution for Test Ch. 10 & 11

Grade Distribution for Test Ch. 10 & 11. Grade Scale Per. 3 Per. 4 72 – 64 = A 6 5 63- 57 = B 8 5 56-50 = C 6 6 49-42 = D 7 7 41 and below = F 4 6 Make ups: Next Wed. 5/23 = 6 3. Fetal Pig Dissection Review. Guiding Questions and Key Figures to Know.

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Grade Distribution for Test Ch. 10 & 11

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  1. Grade Distribution for Test Ch. 10 & 11 Grade ScalePer. 3Per. 4 72 – 64 = A 6 5 63- 57 = B 8 5 56-50 = C 6 6 49-42 = D 7 7 41 and below = F 4 6 Make ups: Next Wed. 5/23 = 6 3

  2. Fetal Pig Dissection Review Guiding Questions and Key Figures to Know

  3. Assignments & Expectations • All students must turn in the following: • Pre-Lab Sample Website (today’s assignt) • Reference website (printout 1st pg.)-attach to Pre-lab • Guiding Questions (my power point slides) • Unit Questions (from guidebook) • Group Work to turn in: • A well dissected pig with all structures intact • All Image sets correctly labeled, printed, & organized • An agreed group website w/printed quizzes & images for each system we cover.

  4. Orientation & Pre-Lab Activity • Pair up and read through the sample website Dissection Manual • Answer the Questions on the Online Exercise handout. HMWK: Explore other Fetal Pig Dissection sites that have labeled images & Quizzes. Printout the first page and attach to your Handout. Due Tomorrow (stamp) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Use the Dissection Manual to answer the Guiding Questions sets #1 & #2 Use My Website to get these questions. • Read the Introduction and answer Quest. #1-5 • Read through Unit 1 External Features and Answer Questions #1-5 **Go To My Website view the Manual or print it if you want

  5. Useful Websites Use the following sites as a resource for your dissection: • http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20laboratory/fetal%20pig/fetal%20pig.htm • http://www.whitman.edu/content/virtualpig • http://biology.uco.edu/animalbiology/pigweb/pig.html

  6. General Rules • No Food or Drink at your Station at all times • Participation pts. Will be lost!!! • Remain at your station at all times unless instructed • Keep track of all instruments (do a count everyday) • No open toed shoes • Do not cut anything unless instructed • Always follow your Dissection guide • Clean the Entire table when finished (use windex)

  7. Dissection Tasks • Researcher & Photographer (2 people) • Sets up computer (obtains images & info.) • Makes labels • Takes photographs, prints & shares with group • Answers all IQ’s and researches key information • Keeps the group in check with Dissection Manual • Cleans the table • Assistant/Equipment manager • Assists the Dissector with the pig. (extra person sometimes needed • Cleans, dries, and returns all supplies to the appropriate places. • Dissector-Observes the dissection procedures. • Shares/guides the group through the steps of the dissection • Identifies all the structures for the rest of the group. • Takes care of the specimen before, during, and after the dissection.

  8. Materials Needed Daily • Computer w/website up and ready to use • Dissecting Manuals/Guidebook • Dissecting tray • Gloves • Paper towels (take just enough for that day, not a full roll) • Two pieces of string (each piece approx. 75 cm.) • 3 Blunt probes • 4 Sharp Probes • 2 Dissection Scissors & One Scissor for cutting paper • 2 forceps (1 blunt & 1 fine) • 12 Pins (6 large, 6 thin) • Index Cards (for labels later) • Large Zip-Lock Freezer Bag (Names, Period, etc.)

  9. Initial Procedures to Begin the Dissection • Collect all the Instruments & place them in a pouch that you have labeled with your period and group members. • Freezer Bag: using a sharpie label your bags as follows with your period and all lab group member. • Choose a pig and give it a name. Choose both a male and female name for now. You will verify the gender later and circle that name on the bag then. • Use the pig to help answer some of the guiding questions. • Tie one piece of string on the upper extremities with each end on each forelimb and another string on the lower extremities (you will keep these strings tied on the rat at all times.

  10. Closing Procedures at the End of Class • Place the pig in the labeled freezer bag. • Make a TIGHT Seal with all the air evacuated out. • Clean your tray and instruments. • Put all your instruments in you pouch or box. • Place tray, instruments, and rat in your designated drawer. **Spray down the ENTIRE table top with windex and thoroughly clean it leaving no streaks. **FOLD your Lab coats & stack neatly in the back Return the dissection guides and computer back to the cart. **You will store your Pan, Instruments, and Pigs in the available drawers located along the sides of the room.

  11. Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig • Lab Partners’ names • Personal name of your pig • Take a close look at your pig, and give a boy’s and girl’s name, as you will determine the sex later. • Length of specimen ______ cm = ______ days * Measure from tip of nose to base of tail (See pg. 7) * Use piece of string and ruler Write this information on your Zip-Bag

  12. Dissection of the Fetal Pig - Introductory Preparation GQ #1 1. How many units are there in the manual? Which units have over six pages? 2. Using the anatomical directional terms written on page 4, determine which terms refer to... a)towards the head, b) towards the back, c) towards the toes, d) towards the middle. 3. What is the genus and species name for the domestic pig? What 2 characteristics are seen in all mammals? 4. A mammal that has 2 or more types of teeth has _______ dentition. 5. Pigs are considered to be even-toed ungulates. What other animals have similar settings? 6. What is the typical life span for a fetal pig? How many lbs. could the domestic pig weigh? How many offspring can a pig have? 7. How have pigs been useful subjects for humans other than for consumption (eating)?

  13. Homework 5/18 • Read Unit 2 “The Skeleton” in the Dissection Manual (pgs. 11-16) and Do: -Guiding Question Set #3 -Quest. #1-6 on Pg. 16 in the Dissection Manual

  14. Unit 1 – External Features – Intro To Your Pig GQ #2 Name 3 important functions of the skin for your pig. What are the two layers of the skin? Name the four main sections of the pig. Another name for the nostrils are __________. What function does the nasal cavity serve? Does your pig have any teeth? Look inside and check. The third eyelid is called a(n)_______. What purpose does it serve? *Try to find this structure, you may need to make a small incision starting from the inner corner of the eye. Another name for the external ears is/are _____ and the openings is called the ______.

  15. The trunk of your pig can be divided into the ______ and ______. • On the abdomen, what do you notice is present? What is the name for these structures? How many pairs are there? 10. What was the umbilical cord attached to? How far should you cut the umbilical from the abdomen? (Make the cut.) How many blood vessels do you see? How many of these are arteries? How many are veins? Does the blood from the fetus ever mix with the mother's? 11. Another name for the caudal opening of the digestive tract is _________________. 12. Following the directions on page 12,  determine if your pig is a male or a female and be sure the correct name you've chosen is written on you bag. Males have a sac structure called a ________________ vs. females having _________________.

  16. External Features to ID (Unit 1) • Nares • Eyes & Nicitating membrane • Tongue • Pinnae • Thorax • Trunk • Umbilical cord • Teats • Urogenital opening • Scrotum (male) or Genital papilla (female)-Pg. 9 • Anus • Measure length to estimate age of pig (use string and measure from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail) ****Use table on pg. 7 to estimate age.

  17. External Features to ID (DAY 2) • Cut Umbilical cord approx. 2 cm from abdomen (pg. 8) • One Vein & Two Arteries should be see. • Nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) • Make initial cuts through the skin using a scalpel. (See pg. 19) • Separate skin off specimen and begin isolating the muscle on ONE side of the pig by removing the fascia layer. • ID muscles indicated in the figures on Pgs. 20-22

  18. Homework 6/6 (Wed.) • Read Unit 10- The Nervous System • Do Guiding Quest. Set #10 • Be sure to also do the guidebook Questions on Pg.53

  19. GQ #3 - Unit 2 – The Skeleton • What does bone consist of? What makes bones hard? • What is the function of the bone? • Name the three types of joints. • Why can’t we use the fetal pig to study bones? • What part makes up the axial skeleton? • How many vertebral bones compose the cervical and thoracic areas. How do pigs differ with humans? • How many vertebral bones make up the lumbar and the sacral area in pigs? How do humans differ? • Name all the bones that make the cranium. • How many bones are facial? • How many ribs do pigs have? How do false ribs differ from floating ribs? • Name all the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton.

  20. GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle • How many types of muscle tissue are there? Name them. Which types are voluntary and which ones are involuntary? • What muscles have striations? • Do muscles push or pull parts of the body? • When starting your dissection, what do you need the string for? • Your first incision needs to be SHALLOW and start at the ______ and continue up the _______. • Your second cut is along the ________. • The third cut is laterally across the _____ and along each____. • What do you need to do at the wrist? • How does your cut differ in male vs. female pig?

  21. GQ #4 – Unit 3 – The Muscle 10. The following are responsible for what kinds of movements? Abductors, extensors, and constrictors. 11. The 2 adductor muscles of the shoulder are the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. Identify them on your pig and ID/name the opposing abductors. 12. The triangular shaped muscle in the shoulder is called the ________. 13. The flexors of the upper arm include the ____ and ____. 14. The extensor of the upper arm is the _____. 15. In the neck, what are the functions of the following muscles? Masseter, Brachiocephalicus, Splenius (Identify and locate these muscles in your pig.) 16. Which muscles of the pig do we get bacon? 17. Which muscles do we get smoked ham from? (Fig. 14)

  22. Shoulder Muscles

  23. Muscles for Lateral Aspect

  24. Muscles of the Throat & Chest

  25. Thoracic Cavity-Arteries to Know

  26. Muscle ID (Three lists)Image Set #2 I. Lateral View Neck, Shoulder, and Upper Arm(See pg. 20) Triceps Deltoids Brachioradialis Trapezius Extensor digitorum lateralis Masseter Extensor digitorum communis Extensor carpi ulnaris II. List of Muscles – Ventral View (Pg. 21) Sternohyoid Pectoralis Major Brachiocephalic Pectoralis minor Latissimus Dorsi Serratus ventralis III. List of Muscles – Lateral View (See Pg. 22) Biceps Femoris External Oblique Gluteus maximus Semitendinosis Gluteus medius (medialis)

  27. Exploration of the NeckImage Set #3 • Sternohyoid Muscle • Larynx • Thyroid gland • Thymus gland • Trachea • Jugular vein • Carotid artery

  28. Unit 5: Respiratory System (Guidebook: Pgs. 27-29) (Textbook See Ch. 19)

  29. GQ #5 - Unit 5 – Respiratory System • How many lobes are labeled in Fig.16 (p.27)? Name these lobes. • How does the trachea differ from the larynx? • What function does cilia and the rings of the cartilage serve? • List the following structures in order from the largest to the smallest: bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, bronchi, secondary bronchi • How many lobes are there for the right lung? Left lung? Why do you think there is a difference? • Locate/identify the pulmonary arteries & pulmonary veins. What color is each vessel? • What two cavities are separated by the diaphragm? • When the diaphragm contracts, is it moving up or down? Does this cause an inhaling or an exhaling reaction?

  30. The human respiratory system Nasalcavity Pharynx (Esophagus) Left lung Larynx Trachea Rightlung Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Figure 22.6A

  31. Thoracic Cavity-Arteries to Know

  32. Alveoli form the respiratory surface of the lungs • Oxygen diffuses through the thin walls of the alveoli into the blood • The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli Figure 22.6C Oxygen-richblood Oxygen-poorblood Bronchiole Alveoli Blood capillaries Figure 22.6B

  33. Breathing • Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog) • Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals) • Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxation • Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (500ml) • Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing Regulation: CO2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)

  34. Smoking also causes emphysema • Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture • This reduces thelungs’ capacity for gas exchange • Smoking causes lung cancer and contributes to heart disease Figure 22.7A, B

  35. The Thoracic Cavity

  36. This triggers a cascade of events Brain Cerebrospinal fluid • During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood rises, lowering the blood pH BREATHING CONTROLCENTERS—stimulated by: Pons Medulla CO2 increase / pH decreasein blood Nerve signalindicating lowO2 level Nerve signalstriggercontractionof muscles O2 sensorin artery Diaphragm Figure 22.9 Rib muscles

  37. It carries most of the oxygen in the blood • Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells Hemegroup Iron atom O2 loadedin lungs O2 O2 unloadedin tissues O2 Polypeptide chain Figure 22.10B

  38. Unit 6: Digestive System (Guidebook: Pgs. 31-36) (Textbook See Ch. 17)

  39. GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System • Name the five structures you need to identify in the pig’s mouth. (Fig.18) Make a cut on each side of the jaw to the mouth to open wider. See pg. 31 • What function does saliva serve? • Is the soft palate toward the front or the back of the mouth? • What purpose does the epiglottis serve? • How many lobes is the liver divided into? Name each lobe. • The veins of the liver are called the _____________ system. • What substance is stored in the gall bladder? Where is this substance made? What purpose does it serve? • Name the tubular structure that emerges from the gallbladder that serves to allow bile to travel to the small intestine. • Name the 3 functions of the liver. • What are the 2 substances (digestive juices) released in the stomach? • Name the circular muscle that prevents food from passing back up the esophagus. • What is the name of the green substance found inside your pig’s stomach? • What function does the pyloric sphincter serve? • What function does the pancreas and the spleen serve? Are they both part of the digestive system? • Why is the pancreas considered to be a “dual function” organ?

  40. GQ #6 - Unit 6 – Digestive System • How long can the intestine be in your fetal pig? Name the divisions of the small intestine. Which one of the 3 segments is the shortest? Which is the longest? • “Material is prevented from passing prematurely into the large intestine (from the small intestine) by a sphincter known as the ________________________ valve. • What does the surface of the small intestine look like inside? What causes this appearance? • Name the three parts/regions of the large intestine. (not including the rectum and the anus, as mentioned in the dissection guide) • What purpose do the variety of bacteria play in the large intestine? (pg. 36)

  41. Lg. Intestine Cecum Ascending C. Transverse C. Descending C. Sigmoid C. Oral cavity Mouth Tongue Pharynx Salivaryglands Esophagus Liver Stomach Pyloricsphincter Stomach Gall-bladder Smallintestine Pancreas Smallintestine Sm. Intestine Duodenum Jejunum ileum Largeintestine Rectum Anus

  42. Bile Liver Stomach Gall-bladder Acid chyme Bile Duodenum ofsmall intestine Pancreas Figure 21.10A

  43. INTERIOR OF INTESTINE Blood vesselwith blooden route tothe liver Nutrientabsorption Nutrientabsorption Microvilli Epithelialcells Lumen Musclelayers Bloodcapillaries Circular folds Villi Lymphvessel EPITHELIALCELLS Nutrientabsorption VILLI INTESTINAL WALL Figure 21.10B

  44. Unit 7: Circulatory System (Guidebook: Pgs. 37-43) (Textbook See Ch. 15)

  45. Guiding Questions #7 • Which side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit? Do these vessels carry oxygen rich or oxygen poor blood? What is the name of the membrane that surrounds & covers the heart? • Blood that has been fully oxygenated leaves the heart through ____________ and transported to the rest of the body. Which side of the heart is the tricuspid atrioventricular valve (AV) located? How is this valve different from the mitral valve? • Arteries and veins that enter and leave the a) kidneys b)liver are called __________ arteries and _________ veins. • Venous blood enters the heart through the _________. • Name the arteries that supply the brain. Where are the iliac and femoral vessels located? • Trace the circulation pathway throughout the body starting at the right atrium. When is the blood oxygenated & deoxygenated?

  46. Circulation through the Heart • Superior & Inferior (Anterior & Posterior Vena Cava) • Right Atrium • Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve • Right Ventricle • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve • Pulmonary Arteries • Lungs • Pulmonary Veins • Left Atrium • Bicuspid (Mitral) AV Valve • Left Ventricle • Aortic Semilunar Valve • Aortic Arch – Systemic Circuit

  47. Internal Structure of the Heart

  48. Posterior view of the Heart

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