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Chapter 15: . The Renaissance and the Reformation. When and where did the Renaissance start?. The Renaissance began around 1300 and continued through the 1600s . It began in Italy and saw an explosion of artistic and cultural creativity.
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Chapter 15: The Renaissance and the Reformation
When and where did the Renaissance start? • The Renaissance began around 1300 and continued through the 1600s. • It began in Italy and saw an explosion of artistic and cultural creativity.
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? • After the Black Death, there was a surplus of food. This allowed some people to specialize in trades other than farming; thus, arts and the humanities flourished. • Italy had many cities, which had flourished due to trade, especially during the Crusades. Cities, like Florence, Milan, and Venice, became hotbeds of new ideas and diversity. • Italy also had a thriving merchant class who believed in individual achievement. The Medici family, especially Lorenzo, came to dominate Florence and were known as patrons of the arts. Venice Lorenzo de Medici
What were some of the major ideas that the Renaissance scholars had? • They studied ancient Greek and Roman works, which emphasized a return to their classical heritage. This focused on science and philosophy. • This led to a belief in humanism. Humanism focused on human potential and achievements, rather than just Christian teachings. Subjects, such as history and literature, became known as the humanities. • An emphasis on the secular also arose. Instead of dedicating themselves to the spiritual, Renaissance scholars became more focused on worldly pleasures in the here and now.
Who were some of the famous writers of the Italian Renaissance? • Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarch wrote literature in the vernacular, or the everyday language of the people. Instead of Latin, this made literature accessible to lay people. • In contrast to the ideas of the Renaissance, Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince. He wrote that leaders should treat their subjects harshly, stating that ‘the ends justify the means.’
Who were some of the major Italian artists of the Renaissance? • Renaissance art focused on nature and classical themes, more so than the religious themes of the Middle Ages. Italian artists worked on perspective and accurately portraying the human form. • Major Italian Renaissance artists included da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Bramante…. The Birth of Venus by Botticelli
Major artists, continued • Leonardo da Vinci was a true ‘Renaissance man,’ meaning that he excelled at many things, including painting, science, and music. • His famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He also had designs for inventions, such as flying machines and machine guns.
Major artists, continued • Michelangelo’s most famous sculptures are Pieta and David. • However, he is also famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
Major artists, continued • Raphael’s most famous work is the fresco The School of Athens. In this piece, he portrays ancient and Renaissance scholars on plaster. • Bramante was an architect who designed St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
How did the Renaissance spread north into Europe? • Trade networks, such as the one run by the Hanseatic League, connected Italy with northern cities, such as Paris, London, and Amsterdam. • Italian artists moved to northern cities, while students and scholars traveled to Italy for a classical education. • Finally, Johannes Gutenberg invented a movable-type printing press, which allowed several pages to be copied quickly and cheaply. This allowed ideas to spread rapidly throughout all classes of people. • His first publication was a Bible.
Who were some of the Northern Renaissance philosophers and writers? • Erasmus blended Christian teachings with humanism. He believed Christianity should get back to its roots, stripped of politics and rituals. For this, the Church condemned his writings. • Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia and criticized corruption in English society. • William Shakespeare is considered the world’s greatest playwright. Instead of religious morality, he explored complex human emotions. His plays, such as Othello and Romeo & Juliet became popular with all classes of people. • Christine de Pisan wrote about education and equality for women. Erasmus Shakespeare
Who were some of the Northern Renaissance artists? • Northern Renaissance artists were influenced by Italy, but also blended Christian themes and realism into their pieces. • German Albrecht Durer used oil paints and emphasized details, textures, and reflections. • Flanders artists, known as the Flemish School, developed their own style under Jan van Eyck. He combined the everyday withreligious symbolism, like a candle representing God’s presence. • While Italian Renaissance art focused on Roman mythology, northern artists focused on more realistic, common scenes.
Why did the Reformation begin? • Many people began to question the Roman Catholic Church’s power and wealth and thought that it had strayed too far from its spiritual roots. • Respect for priests and clergy decreased as allegations of abuse, corruption, and immorality surfaced. • Heavy taxation caused the lower classes to resent the extravagance of the Church. • Finally, the sale of indulgences angered many. Pope Leo X began selling indulgences to finance construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. An indulgence was supposed to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory, where one was working off his/her sins while alive. Thus, rich people could ‘buy’ their loved one’s way into heaven. • Early reformers included John Wycliffe, who was fired from his teaching position for criticizing the Church, and Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake.
Who is recognized as starting the Protestant Reformation? • When Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses, or complaints, against the Catholic Church to the Castle Church in Wittenburg, it launched a movement to reform Catholicism. This became known as the Protestant Reformation. • He challenged the authority of the Pope, criticized indulgences, and stated that people did not need clergy to interpret scriptures for them. • For this, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther, while Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms. This condemned Luther, but his ideas spread into a branch known as Lutheranism. • When Charles V suppressed the Lutherans, they issued a protestatio, or protest, against him. For this, they became known as Protestants. • Thus, a split developed in Christianity.
How did Protestantism spread and who was involved? • The printing press helped spread ideas. • Ulrich Zwingli challenged the theocracy in Switzerland. A theocracy is a government in which the church and the state are combined. He died in conflict with the Catholics. • John Calvin preached the doctrine of predestination, which stated that God knows who will be saved and who will be condemned even before one is born. He developed very strict rules of behavior in order to prepare the world for the ‘chosen ones’. His ideas became popular in Switzerland. • Other branches developed, such as the Presbyterians in Scotland and the Anabaptists in Germany.
How and why did Protestantism spread to England? • King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because he wanted a male heir, and she had borne a daughter, Mary. The Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor rejected his request for an annulment. • Henry VIII convened Parliament, which issued the Act of Supremacy, which declared Henry the head of the Church of England. This broke England’s ties with the Roman Catholic Church. • He also married Anne Boleyn, but married four other times because she had had a daughter, Elizabeth. His third wife, Jane Seymour, provided him with a male heir, Edward VI.
Who took over the English throne after King Henry’s death? • Upon Henry’s death, Edward only ruled a few years before he died at age 15. • The throne transferred to Henry’s eldest daughter, Mary, who returned England to Catholicism. • Upon her death, Elizabeth claimed the throne and transferred England back to Protestantism. Elizabeth was a strong ruler and helped England to become one of the most powerful countries in the world.
How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation? • Church officials convened the Council of Trent, which ended the sale of indulgences and limited corruption. However, they maintained the supremacy of the Pope. This meant that there would be no comprise between the Catholics and the Protestants. • As such, the Catholic Church formed the Inquisition. This court arrested, tried, convicted, expelled, tortured, imprisoned, and executed non-Catholics, such as Muslims, Jews, Protestants, and suspected witches. • Thus, fear, hysteria, and religious conflict spread throughout Europe during the 1500s.
