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Human Endocrine System

DESCRIPTION

The human endocrine system is a complex network of glands that release hormones, which act as chemical messengers traveling through the body to target specific cells or organs. Hormone release is primarily controlled by feedback mechanisms, including negative feedback, hormonal stimuli, humoral stimuli, and neural stimuli. Key glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus, and gonads, each producing hormones crucial for growth, metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis.

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Human Endocrine System

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  1. Human Endocrine System

  2. Endocrine Overview • Hormones- chemical messengers travel through body • Target cell or organ- organ or cells that a hormone affects

  3. Control of Hormone Release • Negative feedback mechanism- hormone release is triggered by stimulus, rising levels of hormone inhibit further release • Endocrine stimuli- • Hormonal- hormones stimulate the release of others • Humoral- blood stimulates release of hormones • Neural- nerves stimulate hormone release

  4. Anterior Pituitary Gland • Growth Hormone (GH)- affects growth of skeletal muscles and bones • Prolactin (PRL)- stimulates milk production after pregnancy • Gonadotropic- regulates hormone activity of sex organs • Also effects adrenal cortex and thyroid hormone release

  5. Posterior Pituitary • Oxytocin- helps during pregnancy • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- inhibits urine production • Alcohol inhibits ADH causing increased output of urine

  6. Thyroid Gland • Thyroid hormone • Controls the rate at which glucose is “burned” • Calcitonin • Decreases calcium levels in blood deposits on bone

  7. Parathyroid Gland • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- regulates Ca2+ in blood • If Ca2+ level drops bones is broken down

  8. Adrenal Gland • Adrenal Cortex • Releases hormones that regulate mineral content in blood • Adrenal Medulla • Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine • Helps with stressful situations

  9. Pancreas • Insulin- increases glucose uptake into cells and stores in liver • Glucagon- stimulates breakdown of glucose stores in the liver

  10. Pineal Gland • Melatonin • Establishes body’s day/ night cycle

  11. Thymus • Thymosin • “Programs” T cells

  12. Gonads • Androgens (male)- sperm formation, development of male char • Estrogens (female)- development of female char

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