Tribhuvan University Department of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies

1. TribhuvanUniversityDepartment of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies CPDS 5331: Development Studies Development and Peacebuilding Nexus: Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory (3rd Seminar : 27 January 2014)

2. The idea of peace as the absence of organized collective violence… is negative Peace. • The peace as a “synonym for all other good things in the world community, particularly, cooperation and integration between human groups … is positive peace” Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory Negative Peace Vs Positive Peace • Negative Peace is compatible with structural violence • Peace is something more than just absence of organized group violence, peace also contains an element of equality of absence of exploitation.

3. Attaining Positive Peace is to build positive relations such as: • Presence of cooperation • Freedom from Fear • Freedom from want • Economic growth and development • Absence of exploitation • Equality • Justice • Freedom of action • Pluralism • Dynamism Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory

4. Attaining Positive Peace is to build positive relations such as: • Presence of Cooperation: Interdependence between nations Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Freedom from Fear: a state of affairs which allow nation/individual to predict about possible negative event in the future • Freedom from Want: Primary needs such as hunger, thirst, shelter, basic security should not remained unsatisfied • Economic Growth and Development: increase of resources per capita and equal distribution of resources; not only technological but social development

5. Absence of Exploitation: Value exchange between individuals/nations in equal terms; none takes more from other Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Equality: Each individuals/nations has same essential value. Extreme gaps in opportunities and resources at the disposal of individuals or of nations should not be tolerated • Justice: equality in terms of fundamental rights • Freedom Action: all individuals/nations should have a wide range of possible action open to them • Pluralism: socio-cultural diversity/co-existence • Dynamism: change or conditions for a change are built into the structure

6. Absence of Exploitation: Value exchange between individuals/nations in equal terms; none takes more from other Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Equality: Each individuals/nations has same essential value. Extreme gaps in opportunities and resources at the disposal of individuals or of nations should not be tolerated • Justice: equality in terms of fundamental rights • Freedom Action: all individuals/nations should have a wide range of possible action open to them • Pluralism: socio-cultural diversity/co-existence • Dynamism: change or conditions for a change are built into the structure (Galtung, 1967)

7. Peace= (well being + freedom + identity for human basic maintenance + Eco-balance corresponds to survival) • (Galtung,1996) Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Positive Peace based on broad understanding of social conditions means the removal of structural violence beyond the absence of direct violence (Jeong, 2000) • It is a very narrow concept to look peace just as opposite to war. Violence, like side-effect in the health has interconnection with other violence. • Peace should guarantee positive human conditions

8. Interconnection of Violence Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Important interconnections among types of violence are left out, particularly the way in which one type of violence may be reduced or controlled at the expense of increase or maintenance of other • Direct • Structural • Violence • Cultural

9. Direct Violence • A clear subject-action-object relationships are established • personal, visible, manifest and non-structural. It is carried over time by traumas left behind by its effects of harming the body, mind and spirit • Direct • Structural Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Violence • Cultural

10. Structural Violence • Those factors, such as poverty, repression, social alienation, that create inequality and thus have an indirect but insidious impact are structural violence • It is typically built into the very structure of society and cultural institutions • Direct • Structural Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Violence • Cultural

11. Cultural Violence • Those aspect of culture –not entire culture –such as ‘the symbolic sphere of our existence of our existence –exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art empirical science and formal science –that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence –are cultural violence Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Cultural violence works in two ways: • By changing the moral color of an act (murder on behalf of the country as right, on behalf of oneself is wrong) • By making reality opaque, so that we do not see the violent act or fact, or at least not as violent (Galtung, 1997: 197)

12. Violence Triangle • Cultural • Direct Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Violence • Violence • Direct • Structural • Cultural • Structural • Cultural violence is the legitimizer of both • Structural and Cultural sources to direct violence

13. Violence Triangle • Direct violence is an event; structural violence is a process with ups and wons; cultural violence is an invariant, a ‘permanent’ remaining essentially the same for long periods, given the slow transformations of basic culture…the three forms of violence enter time differently, somewhat like the difference in earthquake theory between the earthquake as an event, the movement of the tectonic plates as a process, and the fault line as a more permanent condition (Galtung 1997: 199) Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory

14. Violence Strata • Three layers of strata: at the bottom is the cultural violence that provides nutrients to others two; next stratum is structural violence where exploitation build up with the protective accompaniment of penetration-segmentation preventing consciousness-formation; at the top is the direct violence visible to the unguided eye and to barefoot empiricism. Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory Direct Violence Structural Violence Cultural violence

15. Interrelationship of violence-super-types: From cultural Side • There is a casual flow from cultural via structural to direct violence. Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • The culture preaches, teaches, admonishes, eggs on, and dulls us into seeing exploitation and/or repression as normal and natural, or into not seeing them…at all. • Direct violence as a form of uprising (blue collar crime by the underdog) or using existing power (white collar crime by the topdog) erupts either to challenge or to keep intact the structural iron-cage • Violence breeds violence

16. Interrelationship of violence-super-types: From cultural Side • Africans are captured, forced across the Atlantic to work as slaves, millions are killed in the process –in Africa, on board, in the Americas. The massive direct violence over centuries seeps down and sediments as massive structural violence with whites as the master topdogs and blas as the slave underdogs, producing and reproducing massive cultural violence with racist ideas everywhere. After some time, irect violence is forgottoen, slavery is forgotten, and only two labels show up, pale enough for college textbooks: ‘discrimination’ for massive structural violence and ‘prejudice’ for massive cultural violence. Sanitation of language: itself cultural violence (Galtung 1997: 200) Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory

17. Interrelationship of violence-super-types: From Structural Violence Side Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory • Social differentiation slowly takes on vertical characteristics with increasingly unequal exchange and these facts would then be in search of social acts for their maintenance, and cultural violence for their justification -to generate ‘materialist’ Marxist theory.

18. To attain peace in a real sense therefore: • The triangular syndrome of violence should be contrasted in the mind with a triangular syndrome of peace in which cultural peace engenders structural peace, with symbiotic equitable relations among diverse partners and direct peace with acts of cooperation, friendliness, and love. It could be a virtuous rather than vicious triangle, also self-reinforcing. This virtuous triangle would be obtained by working on all three corners at the same time, not assuming that basic change in one will automatically lead to changes in the other two (Galtung, 1992:208) Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory

19. - In terms of power structure of the world and human nature, it is unrealistic,and meaningless to equate peace with social justice Galtung’s Positive Peace Theory: Criticism • - A narrow focus on the control of symptoms of violence has a more tangible effect then struggle for improving the quality of life. • - It might divert attention away from problems of disarmament towards ‘a grand vague study of world development (Boulding 1998) • - Time consuming and pain-staking

20. Thank You