1. Plankton “To Drift”

2. Classification of Marine Organisms • Plankton(floaters) • Nekton (swimmers) • Benthos (bottom dwellers) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Plankton Net

4. Size Distribution

6. Types of Plankton • Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton. • Phytoplankton • Autotrophic • Zooplankton • Heterotrophic © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. PHYTOPLANKTON “plant plankton” Photosynthetic The very base of the food chain…

8. Fnft: A micrograph of pelagic diatoms

10. Diatom (chain) diatom

12. Figure 3.11: Cells in a chain of Stephanopyxis Courtesy of Kohki Itoh

13. Dinoflagellates

14. Ceratium • A Dinoflaggelate • “Phytoplankton”

15. Fnft: SEM of Gonyaulax polygramma

16. Fnft: SEM of Ceratochoris horrida © CSIRO Marine Research

17. Types of Plankton • Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton. • Phytoplankton • Autotrophic • Zooplankton • Heterotrophic © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. ZOOPLANKTON “animal plankton” NOT Photosynthetic – but “herbivores” and “carnivores” instead They FEED ON the very base of the food chain (phytoplankton)…but how?

19. copepod

20. (crustacean)

23. Meroplankton

24. salp

28. Inhabitants of the Pelagic Division • Some large gelatinous zooplankton: (b) A ctenophore, Bolinopsis, swimming with eight rows of ciliated combs. Courtesy of OAR/National Undersea Research Program/NOAA

29. They aren’t always “small!” Some large gelatinous zooplankton: (c) A colony of salps (Pegea) cloned from a single parent. © Eric Prine/age fotostock

31. The cycle from a larva stage to the upcoming of adult hood.

32. Avoiding Sinking • Ability to float • Zooplankton – some produce fats or oils to stay afloat • Phytoplankton-different “shapes” of their tests • This is what the LAB is about… © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Floating Zooplankton • Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests. • Radiolarians • Foraminifers • Copepods © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Copepods © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Macroscopic Zooplankton • Krill • Resemble mini shrimp or large copepods • Abundant near Antarctica • Critical in Antarctic food chains © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Adaptations of Marine Organisms • Physical support • Buoyancy • How to resist sinking • Different support structures in cold (fewer) rather than warm (more appendages) seawater • Smaller size © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Adaptations of Marine Organisms • High surface area to volume ratio • Unusual appendages to increase surface area • Oil in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Viscosity and Streamlining Adaptations Streamlining important for larger organisms Less resistance to fluid flow Flattened body Tapering back end © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.