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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulatory Function

The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in transporting blood throughout the body. It consists of various blood vessels: arteries carry blood away from the heart and can constrict or dilate, while veins return blood to the heart equipped with valves to ensure proper flow. Different types of arteries—elastic and muscular—serve specific functions, while capillaries enable molecular exchange. This system also addresses pulmonary and systemic routes, the hepatic portal system, and special fetal circulation. Various circulatory disorders, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, can arise due to multiple risk factors.

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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulatory Function

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Presentation Transcript

  1. The cardiovascular system How blood gets around the body

  2. Types of blood vessels • Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • Get progressively smaller • Arteries (large elastic, medium muscular); arterioles; capillaries • Can constrict or dilate • Veins • Carry blood back to the heart • Venules, veins

  3. Comparison of arteries and veins

  4. Functions of different types of arteries • Elastic arteries • Largest diameter • Move blood to muscular arteries • Aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, vertebral, pulmonary and iliac • Muscular arteries • More susceptible to dilation and constriction • Arterioles • Deliver blood to capillaries • Resistance to blood flow • Capillaries- molecular exchange • Absent from surface epithelia, cornea nad lens and cartilage

  5. Different types of capillaries • Continuous • Skeletal and smooth muscle, connective tissue and lungs • Fenestrated (holes) • Kidneys, villi of small intestine, endocrine glands • Sinusoid (big holes) • Red marrow, liver, spleen

  6. Venules converge into veins • Designed to bring blood back to the heart • Can serve as a reservoir of blood (can hold up to 64% of blood at rest) • Valves are critical to keep blood moving in the right direction

  7. Circulatory routes of blood; pulmonary and systemic most prominent

  8. Studying the circulatory routes • Exhibits give an overview of the vessels themselves and how they are organized • Origins of names of the blood vessels • Note that there are superficial and deep vessels (arteries are mostly deep) • Regions supplied (arterial) or drained (venous) • Illustrations- you have seen some of the major vessels in cats already!

  9. Aorta and its branches (all systemic arteries)

  10. Example: branching of the abdominal aorta

  11. Three systemic veins return blood to the heart • Superior vena cava- head, neck, chest, upper limbs • Inferior vena cava-abdomen, pelvic, lower limbs • Coronary sinus-myocardium • Venous networks are more irregular • Tend to be more superficial (good for injections or blood draws)

  12. Principal veins

  13. The hepatic portal system • Portal carries blood from one network to another without going through the heart • Sends blood from GI tract and spleen to liver before going to the heart • Blood is “processed” in the liver

  14. Blood flow to, from and through hepatic portal system

  15. Pulmonary circulation

  16. Fetal circulation • Gas exchange occurs with maternal blood (within placenta) • Fetal lungs, kidneys and GI organs don’t function until birth • Umbilical vein delivers oxygen to fetus • Umbilical artery returns blood to placenta

  17. Fetal circulation changes significantly after birth

  18. Disorders of the circulatory system • Hypertension • Atherosclerosis • Risk factors: • Excess weight • Sedentary lifestyle • Dietary • Smoking • Genetic • Aging

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