EEU, NAFTA, CAFTA TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership) Major corporations benefit

1. Globalization • EEU, NAFTA, CAFTA • TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership) • Major corporations benefit • Consumer & worker protections lessened • Environmental standards weakened • Internet • Outsourcing • Colonialism • Cash cropping • Global economy • Interconnected international, national, & local economies • Global flows of goods, labor, finance, information

2. Economic Globalization • Capitalist expansion into non-capitalist (moral) economies • Economists’ vs. anthropologists’ assessments • 3 major transformations: • Increased commercial production, decrease in subsistence production • Recruitment & exploitation in industrialized sector • Dispossession of land & resource base • Unemployment, displacement • Loss of local knowledge • Deregulation  greater inequality • Wages, working conditions • Environmental destruction • Gap between haves and have-nots • Subsidies • E.g. U.S. cotton & corn Distribution of income for each 1/5 of the world’s population

3. Kinship TerminologyPrefixes & Suffixes • Patri- • Matri- • lineal = descent (related by blood) • Patrilineal = through fathers • Matrilineal = through mothers • Unilineal = one side (matrilineal or patrilineal) • Ambilineal = either/or • lateral = sides of family • Father’s side = patrilateral = all related by blood only to one’s father • Mother’s side = matrilateral = all related by blood only to one’s mother • Bilateral = both sides = all of one’s blood relatives • local= residence (where couple lives after marriage) • Patrilocal = with groom’s family • Matrilocal = with bride’s family • Neolocal = new (neither set of parents) • Ambilocal = either husband’s or wife’s parents • archy = power (patriarchy, matriarchy)

4. Kinship Relations Consanguineal = related by blood Affinal= related by marriage Fictive= not related by blood or marriage, but called by kinship terms

5. Descent = related by blood

6. Specific Kin Designations

7. 4 5 6 1 2 3 Ego’s father’s blood relatives only 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 14 13 Ego 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 Patrilateral Kinsmen= RED

8. 4 5 6 1 2 3 • Ego’s mother’s • blood relatives only 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 14 13 Ego 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 Matrilateral Kinsmen = BLUE

9. Bilateral Descent All blood relatives of Ego

10. 4 5 6 Patrilineal Descent only through fathers 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 14 13 Ego 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 Patrilineal Kinsmen = GREEN

11. Patrilineal Descent

12. 4 5 6 Matrilineal Descent only through mothers 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 14 13 Ego 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 Matrilineal Kinsmen = RED

13. Matrilineal Descent

15. Unilineal Descent Groups Tribe • Tribes, chiefdoms, some states, esp. Asia & Middle East • Patrilineal (40% of world’s societies) • Matrilineal(20%) • Corporate groups • Lineages • ~10 or fewer generations • Known ancestor • Patrilineages or matrilineages • Clans • More than 10 generations • Cannot trace all the way back to original ancestor • Matriclans or patriclans • Larger, more loosely structured • Totems • Phratries • 2 or more clans • rare • Moieties • 2 unilineal descent groups • Exchange marriage partners, rituals Moiety

16. Bilateral DescentAll blood relatives of ego

17. Bilateral Kinship Network: KindredEgo equally related to both mother’s and father’s sides(Note: This chart only shows ego’s blood relatives, not affinal kin)

18. 6 Basic Kinship Classification/Terminology Systems: Sudanese Hawaiian Eskimo Iroquois Omaha Crow

19. English Kin Terms Specific Kin Designations

20. English Kin Terms Designated by Kin Type:

21. Sudanese Kin Terms – 9%Most descriptive - assigns a different kin term to each distinct relative

22. Hawaiian Kin Terms - 36%Least descriptive– lumps many different relatives into a small number of categoriesNuclear family submerged in larger kin group

23. Eskimo Kin Terms – 11%Bilateral emphasis - no distinction between patrilineal & matrilineal relatives. Emphasis on nuclear family

24. English Kin Terms ___________________________________________________ Ju/’hoansi Kin Terms

25. Parallel and Cross Cousins

26. Iroquois Kin Terms – 29%Ego lumps father with father's brother and mother with mother's sister, and parallel cousins with brothers and sisters.Cross-cousins preferred marriage partners

27. Omaha Kin Terms – 9%Parallel cousins are lumped with siblings, but cross-cousin terms cut across generational divisions, lumps relatives within ego’s mother's patrilineageFound in societies that have a strong patrilineal emphasis

28. Crow Kin Terms – 6% Mirror image of the Omaha, lumps relatives within ego’s father's matrilineage. Found in societies with strong matrilineal emphases

29. Ju/’hoansi Kin Terms English

30. Ju/'hoan Kin Terms for Older Siblings & Cousins Ju/'hoan Kin Terms for Younger Siblings & Cousins

31. Alternating Generations Tsu Ga Tsu Ga Tsu Ga Tsu Ga

32. Ju/’hoansi Kinship • Eskimo system, bilateral descent • Age and gender • Alternating generations • Joking and avoidance • Joking/casual: siblings and cousins of same sex, grandparents, grandchildren, spouses, spouses’ same-sex siblings and their same-sex spouses (husband’s brother, husband’s brother-in-law; wife’s sister, wife’s sister-in-law), all children’s spouses’ parents • Avoidance/respect: parents, children, siblings of opposite sex, aunts and uncles, parents-in-law, spouses’ opposite-sex siblings and in-laws (husband’s sister and sister-in-law, wife’s brother and brother-in-law) • Namesake relationships • Treat people with same name as kin • Create large network of relationships • Wi – older people can re-name younger people

33. Joking and Avoidance Kin Tsu Ga Tsu Ga Tsu Ga Tsu Ga Blue = Joking Red = Avoidance (respect) Kin Terms Alternating Generations

34. Ju/’hoansi Naming SystemAccording to Kin Relationship

35. Ju/’hoansi Kinship • Emphasizes nuclear family • Bilateral descent  Flexible • Extends kinship network • Kinship = central organizing principle • Reflects egalitarian society • Stability and flexibility

36. Marriage and the Family • Cultural universal • Variations • Monogamy • Polygyny, Polyandry • Same-sex • Residential patterns • men’s/children’s houses • Kawelka,Trobriands, Indian tribals • matrilineal households • e.g., Nayar, Na

37. Functions of Marriage • Stable relationships • Regulate sexual reproduction • Raise children • Regulate sexual division of labor • Often exploits women’s labor • Alliances between groups • Mate Selection • Rules of exclusion • Incest taboo • Rules of preference • Cousin marriage

38. Suffixes and Prefixes • -gamy =marriage Exo = outside Endo = inside Mono = one Poly = more than one • -local = residence Patri = with groom’s parents Matri = with bride’s parents Avuncu = with uncle Neo = new Ambi/Bi = either

39. Marriage RulesWhom one can or should marry • Exogamy – outside • Kin group • Lineage • Clan • Village • Endogamy – inside • Caste • Village • Race • Class • Ethnicity • Arranged

40. Arranged Marriage • Hierarchical corporate descent groups • Lineages • Clans • Castes Patrilineage

41. Arranged Marriage • Hierarchical corporate descent groups • Lineages • Clans • Castes • Rules • Exogamy • Endogamy • Alliances • Preservation of: • purity • status • property

42. Bilateral Kinship • - No corporate group • - Nuclear family • Choice of residence • Neolocal • Ambilocal/Bilocal • Focus on individuals

43. Preferential Cousin Marriage: Cross & Parallel

44. Preference Rules • Cross cousin • Mother’s brothers’ children (matrilateral) • Father's sisters’ children (patrilateral) • Yanomamö • Hindus in South India: reinforces alliances between kin groups • North India: no cousin marriage + village exogamy = wider kin network

45. Yąnomamö & South Indians Use Iroquois SystemEgo merges parallel cousins with brothers and sisters.Cross-cousins preferred marriage partners

47. English Cousin System

48. Degrees of Relatedness

50. 6 Terminology Systems