The Cold War US V. SU!

1. The Cold WarUS V. SU! A significant outcome of World War II… a consuming topic through 1991!

2. Longstanding issues US participation in Russian Civil War US fear of Bolshevism – Red Scare Note MANY intellectuals supported communist ideas during the 1930s! US non recognition until 1933 Nazi- Soviet Pact Cool

3. Lend Lease Limited cooperative planning – war conferences Work on United Nations WWII or “holding hands with Uncle Joe”

4. 1. Question of location and timing of second front. 2. Atomic secrecy and treachery! – significance of bomb SU no longer needed A means of intimidation against a war ravaged nation (20 million dead) constantly threatened from the west BUT problems arose!

5. Secret Manhattan Project - race with Germany Use against a defeated Japan – no air force, no navy “on edge of collapse” Options existed but they would take time. Unknown resistance on home islands Terrible fighting on Okinawa Maybe an army of 5M needed Japan communicated desire for negotiated peace via SU US war weary ready for demobilization US suspicious of SU intentions Truman’s decision? Stated reason to save lives But was it used to intimidate the SU? Atomic monopoly and willingness to use!! The Use of the A bombs

6. 3. Yalta (2/45) SU promised “free “elections in east Europe – they would oversee Poland and the Balkans war against Japan 90 days post-VE day Occupation zones in Germany SU still needed, little could be done about east Europe.

7. Soviets remained in Eastern Europe – opposition silenced. Promises broken Churchill 4/45 recognized “iron curtain” 4. Soviet Expansionism

8. Why no peace?

9. 1/10 lost in war – very weak!!!! History of invasions, Hostile world – survival at stake! Need for buffer zone (like Latin America?) Sphere of influence The Concerns of Stalin!!

10. In a position of great strength – atomic monopoly! Belief in self determination and Atlantic Charter Messianic impulses Growing fears of SU intransigence and expansion Need for Truman to act tough – no Munichs US concerns

11. G. Kennan - inevitability of conflict and (1947) “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment” The counter-pressure would lead to SU implosion. (eventually this works) Alternatives? Would they work? Neo-isolationism, détente – Henry Wallace Cold War Policies

12. Success in Europe Truman Doctrine Greece threatened by communist insurrection Truman: 3/22/47 “support free peoples who are resisting armed subjugation by armed minorities or outside aggressors” – universalism – fundamental change in policy!!!! Marshall Plan (6/5/47) Massive economic recovery plan – saved lives, Europe, and US economy Promoted E’s unification SU invited but declined

13. National Security Act - creation of Dept. of Defense and CIA Berlin Airlift (6/48 – 5/49) ;Allies plan to unite Germany SU blockade airlift NATO (1949) 10 Nations collective security  Warsaw Pact 1955 (“permanent alliance Soviet expansion contained – commitment, democratic tradition, support of Europeans it will work everywhere (dumb) Other important measures!

14. 1.Soviet A- Bomb –developed years early (spies) no more monopoly +race for hydrogen bomb (1952) 2. “Loss” of China Mao Zedung v. Chiang Kai-shek. US special relationship and 5B for Chiang  how did we lose?, no understanding of popularity of Mao (end of colonialism, food, land) Result: Divided China PRC v RC Cost search for reds, increased containment 3. NSC 68 “ design for world domination”  rapid defense build-up (13  45B) economic boom in 50s 1949 – A terrible year

15. Japan; SU denied role – McArthur, US commitment and J. tradition  democracy Korea –forgotten war Divided after WWII at 39. N v. US assisted S 6/50 NK stormed south Truman: “Greece of the far east” – need to be tough after China UN support of US(SU boycott) Cold War in Asia. Winning and Losing.

16. MacArthur’s 1950 advance north to Yalu R  intervention by China Peace sought by Truman (LIMITED WAR) but MacArthur desired to use the bomb and blockade China Struggle: civilian control of military. MacA called home. War dragged on . Ended by Eisenhower and Khrushchev in “53 – new soviet leadership and Eisenhower’s threat 54.000 US dead in limited victory. Successful employment of containment.

17. Another Red Scare Causes: How to explain “loss” of China, evidence of real spies (Fuchs), and Rosenbergs  attack on suspected communists A. Hiss (new dealer, educated establishment figure) targeted by Chambers and Nixon: Hiss convicted of perjury Hunt for “commies” at home

18. Dissent confused with subversion Federal Employee Loyalty Program and security checks, - Truman, House Un-American Activities Committee – labor unions Hollywood Led to Crucible, On the Waterfront Who was naming names in picture? Purge of state department (loss of Asia experts contributed to Vietnam disaster) Blacklists

19. bully from Wisconsin – looking for campaign topic Claimed there were communists in the state department and then the army Attacks on “eggsuckingphoney liberals who defend communists and queers” Republicans would not silence him: Taft “keep talking and if one case doesn’t work try another” Even Eisenhower scared Downfall – televised investigation of army “have you no sense of decency, sir” – Joseph Welsh Joseph McCarthy

20. Quiz will be the last fifteen minutes of class (12:30, 1:00)HW: STUDY!!! Read chapter 38 • Warmup: All female public school students even as late as the end of the 1960s were required to take a course in “home economics.” Read the excerpt from a textbook in home economics. Consider: • What was the role of women promoted? • How would this be troublesome for many women? And hopefully many men.

21. Post War America

22. Social And Political Issues of the “American Century” • Economic Growth • Consumerism! • Conformity! • Suburban • Domesticity • “Outsiders”

23. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Economic Prosperity • General economic expansion 1945-1972 • GNP grew 250% between 1945 and 1960: $200B to over $500B • Low Unemployment - 5% or lower through 50s • Low inflation – during Eisenhower admin, averaged 1.5% per year • Rapid Growth Incomes – more than tripled 1945-1960 • Average family in 1955 had double the income of comparable family during 1920s • Highest standard of living in world • Dominant economy in world Inflation, 1940-1980 Unemployment, 1950-1970

24. Economic Boom! • Reasons for the Boom • Tremendous confidence • Expenditures for military • Pent up consumer demand - credit buying (first credit card = Diner’s Club) - advertising - Madison Avenue! – Mad Men? • Government funds to Gis • Military spending • European demand – no economic rivals • Growing service sector • Cheap energy!

25. Development of Middle Class • Highest standard of living in history • Real wages up • 60% owned homes: 75% owned cars: 90% owned tvs • Suburbs promoted by government policies – GI Bill, highway program (1956), • Conformity (levittown), covenants, sprawl and environmental impact • White flight and de facto segregation • Still ¼ below poverty, ½ with no savings

26. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Economic Prosperity • Regional Growth: The Sunbelt • Warmer climate, lower taxes, lower labor costs • Military spending Population Change, 1950-1960

27. The key to culture since 1945 1940 =18 per 1000 women, 1950 – 24, 1957 – 25 Women married younger and had more kids, better health and nutrition (no more polio, antibiotics) Emphasis on women as mothers New upbringing – Dr. Spock and Baby and Child Care – Children’s wants/needs primary. Crying babies satisfied, democratic families, mom full time devotion to family – opposition to working moms Baby Boom 1945 – 1960

28. The Baby Boom in Historical Context

29. New cult of domesticity highlighted in the media, schools and neighborhoods “a woman isn’t a woman until she is married and has children” “don’t miss the boat by going to college” %of college students down But 40% held jobs, 30% of married women Smith college – women’s heroic task to influence man and boy in humble role of housewife. Home economics Farnham – only imitation men avoided motherhood, feminists suffer penis envy

30. Renewed Cult of Domesticity • The ideal woman was a middle-class housewife. She was thirty-two years old, lived in the suburbs, and had gotten married at age 16. Over the course of a marriage to just one man she already given birth to four children by the time she reached that young 32. In addition to being a terrific mom and an exceptional wife she was also a miraculous manager. She did volunteer work and hosted at least twenty-four dinner parties a year. Somehow she also found the time to make many of her own clothes. But wait, the ideal housewife of 1956 did much, much more. She was an active member of the PTA and den mother for her little Boy Scout and Brownie. She helped raise money for charities and, bless her, was even planning on learning French. • Life Magazine 1956

31. CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: Gender Roles & Women • At end of WWII, many women left the work force • “pink collar” jobs • Paid less - seen primarily as wives and mothers • Yet by end of decade 1/3 women held jobs • More married women joined workforce, especially as they reached middle age

32. BUT! – A new women’s movement in the 1960s – not just voting rights! Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique in 1963 The suburban trap! Later Protests NOW 1966 ERA through Congress in ’72, but 3 states short

33. CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: CarCulture America became a more homogeneous nation because of the automobile. Drive-In Movies First McDonald’s (1955) Howard Johnson’s

34. Television 1946  7,000 TV sets in the U. S.1960  50,000,000 TV sets in the US Promotion of conformity Impact on politics! McCarthy, Checkers Speech, Kennedy-Nixon Debates, Civil Rights! Newton Minnow, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, 1961 Television “a vast wastleland”

35. Suburban Living SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1940-1970 (also consider impact on decaying cities!) 1940195019601970 Central Cities 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0% Suburbs 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 41.6% Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4% Small Towns U. S. Bureau of the Census.

36. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Growth of Suburbs REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SUBURBS • Growth of families (“baby boom”) • Home-ownership became more affordable • Low-interest mortgage loans • gov’t-backed & interest tax-deductable • Mass-produced subdivisions • Expressways – facilitated commuting • Decline in inner city housing stock • Also: congestion, pollution • Race – “white flight”

37. Levittown, L. I.: “The American Dream” Suburban Living 1949 William Levitt produced 150 houses per week. $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment Promotion of conformity, invisible poverty. Covenants!

38. 2A. Suburban Living:The New “American Dream” • 1 story high • 12’x19’ living room • 2 bedrooms • tiled bathroom • garage • small backyard • front lawn

39. 5A. The Culture of the Car Car registrations: 1945  25,000,000 1960  60,000,000 2-car families double from 1951-1958 Constant pressure of new models, new features Aided suburbanization Car culture: drive-ins, youth 1958 Pink Cadillac 1959 Chevy Corvette

40. Conformity • Conformity in the suburbs • Conformity in the business world • National brands – consumerism “hidden injuries of class” • Television models • Youth rebellion and conformity • Discretionary income • New religious revival – 1945 < 50% churched, 1960>65% • “under God” – 54, “In God we trust” – 55 • Religious epic movies • Religion a comfort – a rapidly moving population, new social changes, nuclear Armageddon,

41. Other Americas… increasingly hidden! “The entire invisible land of the other Americans became a ghetto, a modern poor farm for the rejects of society and the economy.” Michael Harrington

44. Bell County, Kentucky, August 31, 1946

47. Poverty ¼ below poverty line Concentration of poverty African Americans Critics – like Thoreau? John Keats: suburbia = “homogenous postwar hell” David Riesman The Lonely Crowd: Americans no longer inner directed but other directed. Corporate culture stressed winning friends and fitting in, rather than independence JK Gailbraith _ private opulence and public squalor For literally nothing down—other than a simple two percent and a promise to pay, and pay, and pay until the end of your life—you too, like a man I'm going to call John Drone, can find a box of your own in one of the fresh-air slums we're building around the edges of America's cities. whole square miles of identical boxes are spreading like gangrene … In any one of these new neighborhoods, be it in Hartford or Philadelphia, you can be certain all other houses will be precisely like yours, inhabited by people who age, income, number of children, problems, habits, conversation, dress, possessions and perhaps even blood type are also precisely like yours. Cracks in the Picture Window

48. The Arts question conformity and American values (like the 20s? – unlike 30s) Arthur Miller – Death of A Salesman, The Crucible Sallinger – Catcher in the Rye Rebel Without A Cause and The Wild One The Beats –look for personal rather than social solutions Kerouac “On the Road” Alan Ginsburg “Howl” William Burroughs Booze dope, sex and despair

49. 1945 – 1954 In spite of Double V, little changed 1947 Jackie Robinson Chipping away at separate but equal 1938 UMO law school desegregated because no black law school existed 1946 – segregation on interstate bussing illegal 1950 – UTX law desegregated – inferior facillities The Evolution of the Civil Rights Struggle

50. 1954 – Brown V. Bd. Ed. Topeka KA – segregation  feelings of inferiority 1955 – desegregate “with all deliberate speed” Eisenhower – no response Massive state resistance – states denied funds to schools that desegregated, Southern Manifesto – 100 southern congressmen – urged states to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal 1956 – not a single desegregated school in the Deep South. (by ’65 still 75% of schools segregated Judicial Action