1. Pretest Review

2. Scientific Method • Collaborate • Share info • Build upon other work

3. Direct Relationship variable increases and other variable increases

4. Inverse Relationship variable increases and other variable decreases

5. Linear Relationship each unit change in the x variable will bring about the same change in the y variable

6. Non Linear

7. 1000 g = 1 kg Kilo – 1000Centi – 1/100Milli – 1/1000

8. 44 ml X 1 L 1000ml

9. Importance of Nutrient Cycling • It prevents wastes, which would cause problems, from accumulating. • It assures that the ecosystem will not run out of essential elements.

10. Carbon Cycle 1. Begin with a CO2. 2Photosynthesis 3. Food chains 4. Cell respiration

12. Phosphorus Cycle

13. Nitrogen Cycle

14. All organisms are made of roughly the same organic molecules in similar proportions • A measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the energy they contain.

15. Biomass • A census of the population, multiplied by the weight of an average individual in it • Gives an estimate of the weight of the population.

17. Trophic level Secondaryconsumers Human meat-eaters Cattle Primaryconsumers Human vegetarians Corn Corn Producers 0 • A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans • A field of corn • Can support many more human vegetarians than meat-eaters Figure 37.14

18. Biomagnification • The increase of the concentration of a substance that occurs in the food chain. • Substances - pesticides or heavy metals • The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted.

22. Eutrophication • Occurs when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients (phosphates and nitrates). • This increases amount of algae in water. • As the algae die/decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the oxygen from the water. • This causes the death of other organisms (fish).

24. Greenhouse Gases • Carbon Dioxide – fossil fuels, solid waste, trees • Methane – production and transportation of coal, natural gas, and oil • Nitrous Oxide – agricultural and industrial • Fluorinated gases – industrial, commercial, and household uses

25. Fossil Fuels • Fuels formed from remains of plants and animals • Ex: Natural gas, oil coal

26. Ozone Layer • Ozone - 0₃ - naturally occurring in the stratosphere • Ozone layer - Protects earth from ultra violet rays • CFC’s –– destroy ozone by releasing chlorine into the atmosphere

27. Atmospheric CO2 is reflecting heat back down to the planet’s surface. • Only by phasing out coal use, ending deforestation and reducing the use of other fossil fuels can the numbers be reversed.

28. Other Causes • Clear cutting of forests • Increased use of fossil fuels • Methane pollution

29. Greenhouse Effect • Car in summer • Greenhouse gases absorb some the energy radiated from the earth and trap it in the atmosphere. • Human activities have INCREASED the amount of greenhouse gases

32. Robert Hooke • Coined the name cell • Looked at cork cells under microscope

33. Photosynthesis • Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen

34. Photosynthesis • Green plants and algae use the solar energy and molecules of CO2 into sugar/starch and 02. • CO2 + H20  C6H12O6 + O2

35. Photosynthesis Recap

36. Primary Productivity • is the production of organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis

37. Meiosis • Occurs in plants and animals that reproduce sexually. • Usually occurs in specialized sex organs - Ovaries, Testes

38. Prophase I • Chromosomes form • Homologous pairs come together • Crossing Over occurs

40. Formation of Sperm

41. Formation of an Egg

42. Frederick Griffith - studying 2 strains of bacteria • 1 causes pneumonia, 1 harmless • When killed pathogenic bacteria and mixed with living healthy bacteria - some converted • Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - showed that DNA was genetic material • Used radio isotopes to label DNA and protein in Phage T2 and ecoli cells • Sulfer - protein • Phosphate - DNA

43. Genetic Engineering • The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

44. Cloning • Nuclear Transplantation: replaces the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus of an adult somatic cell • Cells divides  creates blastocyst • Reproductive Cloning: If animal is a mammal, the blastocyst is implanted into uterus for further development • Therapeutic Cloning: Produce embryonic stem cells for therapeutic treatments

45. Recombinant DNA Technology • Combining genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule • Can use different species • Often uses plasmids

46. Recombinant DNA • DNA from two different sources are combined into the same DNA

48. PCR • Polymerase Chain Reaction • DNA is copied many times in a test tube. • Process can generate 100 billion copies of DNA in 4 hours

49. Gel Electrophoresis