Human Body Systems and Disease

1. Human Body Systems and Disease 7th Grade Science Standard 7-3

2. Organization of Living Things • The human body is divided into specific levels of organization. These levels are what make the human body a complex organism. • The levels of organization, from the simplest structure to the most complex are: • Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

3. Organization of Living Things

4. Cells • Cells - The basic units of structure and function within the human body. • Ex. Nerve cells, blood cells, and bone cells.

5. Tissues • Tissues - A group of specialized cells that work together to perform the same function. 4 basic types of tissue in the human body: • Nerve tissue—carries impulses back and forth to the brain from the body • Muscle tissue—contracts and shortens, making body parts move

6. Tissues • Epithelial tissue—covers the surfaces of the body, inside and outside • Connective tissue—connects all parts of the body and provides support

7. Tissues • Blood, an example of a tissue, is composed of several types of cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that function to transport materials from one part of the body to another.

8. Organs • Organs - Are comprised of two or more different types of tissues that function together to perform a specific function. • Ex. The heart is made of muscle and connective tissues which function to pump blood throughout the body.

9. Systems • Systems - A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function for the human body. • All of the different organ systems work together and depend on one another.

10. Systems ELEVEN ORGAN SYSTEMS • Skeletal (Bones) Some • Digestive (Stomach, Intestines) Dumb • Muscular (Muscles) Man • Nervous (Brain, Spinal cord) Named • Circulatory (Heart, Blood vessels) Cletus • Excretory (urinary)(Kidney) Eats • Respiratory (Lungs) Raw • Endocrine (Glands) Eggs • Integumentary (Skin) Inside • Immune (lymph nodes) Icky • Reproductive (ovaries, testes) Restrooms

11. Circulatory System • The circulatory system - transports nutrients, gases (for example oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, and wastes through the body. • Heart– causes blood to flow through thebody by its pumping action

12. Blood Vessels • Blood vessels – tubes that carry blood throughout the body • Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

13. Types of blood vessels • Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells • Capillaries- connect arteries to veins • Veins – carry deoxygenated blood from the cells back to the heart

14. Oxygenated& Deoxygenated • The body cells need oxygen to function. Taking in oxygen and transporting it to cells are the jobs of the respiratory and circulatory systems. • Oxygenated blood – is high in oxygen, is red on charts and in your body, and is usually carried by arteries • Deoxygenated blood – is low in oxygen, blue on charts, dark red in your body, and is usually carried by veins

15. Circulatory Connections • The circulatory and digestive systems work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body.

16. Parts of Blood • Plasma – liquid part of blood (mostly water) with dissolved minerals, nutrients and oxygen carried to cells • Red blood cells – disc shaped cells that contain hemoglobin – a molecule that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, made of an iron compound that gives blood its red color

17. Parts of Blood • White blood cells – large cells that fightbacteria, viruses and other invaders of your body • Platelets – irregularly shaped cell fragments that help clot blood

18. The Heart • The heart pumps the blood from the heart to the lungs back to the heart then all over the body. View athttp://www.fda.gov/hearthealth/flash/fda_03.html

19. Parts of the Heart

20. Parts of the Heart • Atria – collecting chambers • Ventricles – pumping chambers • The heart at work: http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html

21. Digestive System • Digestive System- Breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.

22. Parts of the Digestive System • Mouth – Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion • Esophagus – The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach

23. Parts of the Digestive System • Stomach – Continues the process of mechanical digestion; secretes enzymes that perform some chemical digestion • Small Intestine – Where most of the chemical digestion takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines

24. Parts of the Digestive System • Large Intestine - The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining food material for elimination from the body • Rectum - a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus.

25. Parts of the Digestive System • Ancillary (extra) organs of the digestive system: • Liver - produces bile which is used by the body to break up fat particles. • Pancreas - produces enzymes that help break down starches, proteins, and fats in the small intestine. • Gall Bladder - stores bile produced by the liver.

26. Digestive System Connections to Other Systems • The circulatory and digestive systems work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. • The digestive and excretory systems work together to take in materials your body needs and gets rid of wastes.

27. Respiratory System • Respiratory System - provides gas exchange between the blood and the environment.  • Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

28. Parts of the Respiratory System • Nose – Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the Trachea • Trachea – the windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs

29. Parts of the Respiratory System • Bronchi – Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; • one bronchus leads to each lung; • part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside • What do you think “bronchitis” is?

30. Parts of the Respiratory System • Lungs –organs that bring in oxygen • Respiration – the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the lungs • Alveoli – tiny air sacs that make up the lungs

31. Parts of the Respiratory System • Diaphragm – the dome shaped muscle that aides in the breathing process

32. Excretory (Urinary) System • Excretory System- filters out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system.  • There are many excretory structures: skin (sweat), lungs (water vapor), but the main structure is the kidney (urine).

33. Parts of the Excretory (Urinary) System • Kidneys - Get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials which are eliminated in urine

34. Parts of the Excretory (Urinary) System • Ureters - Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder • Bladder - A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body • Urethra - Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body.

35. Nervous System • Nervous System- Relays electrical signals through the body and directs behavior and movement.

36. Nervous System Connections • Along with the endocrine system, the nervous system also controls physiological processes, for example digestion, circulation, or movement. 

37. Brain • Brain - An organ of the central nervous system which controls and coordinates the body’s activities. Three Parts of the Brain • Cerebrum - controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and the senses • Cerebellum -helps with balance and coordination. • Brain stem - located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes, for example, breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion.

38. Spinal Cord • Spinal cord – Bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back. • Connects with nerves outside the central nervous system and controls reflexes and directs sensations to the brain.

39. Nerves • Peripheral nerves - A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous system is divided into groups called the motor and sensory nervous systems.

40. Muscular System • Muscular System- Provides movement.  • Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. 

41. Muscular System Connections • Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, for example the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system.  • The muscular and skeletal systems work together to help the body move.

42. Muscles Muscles • Voluntary- move when you want them to • Involuntary – move without you thinking about them

43. Three Types of Muscle • Skeletal muscles – Voluntary muscles that are attached to bones and provide the force needed to move your bones • Smooth muscles- Involuntary muscles that control many types of movement in the body (i.e, digestion) • Cardiac muscles - Involuntary muscle that forms the heart

44. Skeletal System • Skeletal System - Provides support for the body, protects delicate internal organs and provides attachment sites for the organs

45. Bones • Bones - Provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs and structures; some bones produce blood cells; some store minerals • What system(s) connects to the skeletal system?

46. Integumentary System • Skin – or epidermis – covers your body and is the largest organ

47. Functions of the Skin • Covers the body and prevents the loss of water • Protects the body from infection and injury • Regulates body temperature, • Excretes or gets rid of wastes (sweat) • Receives information from the environment (senses touch, hot/cold, pain) • Produces vitamin D

48. Review – The relationships of the major body systems. • Different organs systems in the human body function together and depend on one another for the human body to function successfully, even though each system performs its own unique function.

49. Review Connections • Nervous System – controls all other systems • Circulatory System-transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones, and wastes through the body. • Respiratory and Circulatory – take in and transport oxygen

50. Review Connections • Respiratory System- provides gas exchange between the blood and the environment.  • Digestive System - breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. • Circulatory and Digestive systems - work together to ensure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body. • Digestive and excretory systems - work together to take in materials your body needs and gets rid of wastes.