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The Diverse Roles of Beta and Gamma Proteobacteria in Human Health and Environment

This chapter explores the beta and gamma Proteobacteria, highlighting their ecological roles and associations with human health. Beta Proteobacteria include chemoautotrophs like Thiobacillus and pathogens such as Neisseria, responsible for diseases like meningitis and gonorrhea. Gamma Proteobacteria, the largest subgroup, display diverse metabolic capabilities and include notable genera like Pseudomonas, which can be opportunistic pathogens, and Vibrio, known for causing cholera. Understanding these bacteria is essential in microbial ecology and medicine.

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The Diverse Roles of Beta and Gamma Proteobacteria in Human Health and Environment

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  1. Chapter 11, part B The Prokaryotes:Domains Bacteria and Archaea

  2. The  (beta) Proteobacteria  Proteobacteriainclude chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. Members of this sub-phylum are found in soil and water and some are human pathogens. They generally derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.

  3. The  (beta) Proteobacteria • Thiobacillus • Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H2S  SO42– • Sphaerotilus • Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths Figure 11.5

  4. The  (beta) Proteobacteria • Neisseria • Chemoheterotrophic, cocci • N. meningitidis • N. gonorrhoeae • Spirillum • Chemoheterotrophic, helical Figure 11.4 & 6

  5. The  (beta) Proteobacteria • Bordetella • Chemoheterotrophic, rods • B. pertussis • Bordetella is the most common cause of tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in dogs. • Zoogloea. Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes sprinkler systems

  6. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria • (gamma) Proteobacteria: Largest subgroup of proteobacteria. Varied physiology, include the orders Pseudomonadales, Legionellales, Vibrionales, Enterobacteriales, and Pasteurellales.

  7. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria • Pseudomonadales: • Pseudomonas • Opportunistic pathogens • Metabolically diverse • Polar flagella • Often produce water soluble pigments • Plant and animal pathogen Figure 11.7

  8. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria • Legionellales: • Legionella • Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers • L. pneumophilia Hartmannella vermiformis amoeba filled with Legionella pneumophila (Photo: Holland/Özel, Robert Koch-Institut) Figure 24.15b

  9. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria • Vibrionales: • Found in coastal water • Vibrio cholerae causes cholera “rice water stool” • V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis Figure 11.8

  10. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria Enterobacteriales (enterics): • Facultatively anaerobic; Peritrichous flagella • Enterobacter • Erwinia • Escherichia • Klebsiella • Proteus • Salmonella • Serratia • Shigella • Yersinia

  11. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria Figure 11.9a, b

  12. Salmonella • Salmonella enterica • Hundreds of serotypes • Often named by place of origin • Poultry / eggs? salmonellosis • Salmonella typhi • Typhoid Mary and typhoid fever An illustration of Typhoid Mary that appeared in 1909 in The New York American.(Public Domain)

  13. More enterics • Escherichia • E. coli • Serratia marcescens • Nosocomial infections • Red pigment • Shigella • Bacillary dysentery or shigellosis • Proteus • Swarming colonies - UTI • Yersinia • Plague, Black Death • Vectored by flea • Large capsule • Erwinia • Plant soft rot • Enterobacter • UTI

  14. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria • Pasteurellales: • Pasteurella • Cause pneumonia and septicemia • humans can acquire the organism from dog or cat bites. Patients tend to exhibit swelling, cellulitis, and some bloody drainage at the wound site. • Haemophilus • Haemophilus "loves heme", more specifically it requires a precursor of heme in order to grow http://textbookofbacteriology.net/haemophilus.html

  15. The  (gamma) Proteobacteria Francisella • Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia “rabbit fever”

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