INAR 122 HUMAN FACTORS

1. INAR 122HUMAN FACTORS UNIVERSAL DESIGN

2. UNIVERSAL DESIGN: • The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

3. Other Names of Universal Design DESIGN-FOR-ALL INCLUSIVE DESIGN LIFESPAN DESIGN HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN

4. Universal Design intends to Simplify life for everyone, by making products, communications, and the built environmentmore usable by as many people as possible at little or no extra cost. Universal design benefits people of all ages and abilities.

5. The aim of Universal Design is to extend standard design principles to include people of all ages and abilities BUT remain at the level of generality; THUS it does not address all the specific needs of any particular disability.

6. 1950s The UD concept was born with a new intention to design for people with disabilities. In Europe, Japan, and the United States, barrier-free design developed to remove obstacles in the built environment for people with physical disabilities .

7. 1970s In the US, the disability rights movement taking shape in the mid-70s built upon the vision of civil rights articulated in the 1964 Civil Rights Act for racial minorities. So parts of Europe and US were beginning to move beyond the emphasis on special solutions tailored to individuals and toward idea of normalization and integration. Increasingly, the terminology of choice was Accessible Design.

8. 1990 The US, led by the disability community, established the most expansive legal requirements with the passage of The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). It substantially expanded the scope of responsible parties to include both public and private entities regardless of whether they received federal funds.

9. 1998 The U.S. Congress affirmed the significance of the design of Communication and Information Technology as a means to equality and opportunity for people with disabilities.

10. Design Process The designer makes use of anthropometric guidelines at the beginning of the design process, including information regarding the needs of people with various types of disabilities and people at the different stages of life. Similarly, the designer continues to analyze environmental accessibility in order to better meet the needs of the general public, who also provide input about their experiences to the designer.

11. Types of Disabilities A designer should know the disabilities very well to make a design that completely satisfies the users. There are four types of disabilities; • Mobility Disabilities • Dexterity Disabilities • Sensory Disabilities • Cognitive Disabilities

12. Mobility Disabilities This category includes the people who need walking aids. There are two types; wheelchair users and with other mobility impairments like arthritis and rheumatism, diabetes,heart disease, high blood pressure, or temporary problem suchas surgery, a broken leg or pregnancy.

13. Dexterity Disabilities Certain motor difficulties may present dexterity problems likearthritis, complete or partial paralysis and reduced strength and agility.

14. Sensory Disabilities A sensory disability is blindness, deafness, or a severe vision or hearing impairment.

15. Cognitive Disabilities A person with a cognitive disability has greater difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks than the "average" person. Examples are; Learning Disabilities like Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Brain Injury, Genetic Diseases like Down's syndrome, autism, and dementia.

16. There are many reasons, both practical and economic, for creating a world we can all use. • People who could benefit from Universal Designs include those both with and without disabilities. In some cases, people may experience difficulty in using products purely as a result of the environment or an unusual circumstance. • Beneficiaries of universal design include: • People in a noisy shopping mall who cannot hear a kiosk • People who are driving their car who must operate their radio or phone without looking at it • People who have left their glasses in their room • People who are getting older • People with disabilities • Almost anyone

17. In order to design for the general population, it is important to understand the diversity, problems, tools, and abilities of the population’s members.

18. The Seven Principles of Universal Design • The Principles of Universal Design and their guidelines were developed by a working group of architects, product designers, engineers, and environmental design researchers as part of a project coordinated by the Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University. The Seven Principlesdescribe characteristics that make designs universally usable.

19. The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities. • GUIDELINES • Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not. • Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users. • Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users. • Make the design appealing to all users.

21. The designaccommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

23. Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

25. The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.

26. A blind user can also understand where s/he is

27. The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

28. The design can be used efficiently and comfortablyand with a minimum of fatigue.

30. Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

32. Design Standards In October 2003, representatives from China, Japan, and South Korea met in Beijing and agreed to set up a committee to define common design standards for a wide range of products and services that are easy to understand and use. Their goal was to publish a standard in 2004 which covers, among other areas, standards on containers and wrappings of householdgoods (based on a proposal from experts in Japan), and standardization of signs for public facilities, a subject of particular interest to China as it prepares to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

33. In order to facilitate product designers' efforts to make their products more accessible, some guidelines have been compiled. • The purpose of these guidelines is: • 1) to point out problems encountered by people with various disabilities in using standard consumer products, and • 2) to propose design alternatives which will result in increased usability of standard products by people with disabilities.

34. KITCHENS

35. KITCHENS

36. BATHROOM

37. BATHROOMS

38. What is Accessible Design? • "Accessible Design" is the term used for the process of extending mass market product design to include people who, because of personal characteristics or environmental conditions, find themselves on the low end of some dimension of performance (e.g., seeing, hearing, reaching, manipulating). • Accessible Design is not (or should not be) separate from standard mass market design. Rather it is an extension or elaboration of general design principles to cover a wider range of human abilities/limitations than has traditionally been included in product design.

39. Accessible Design is a subset of Universal Design. • Where Universal Design covers the design of products for all people and encompasses all design principles, Accessible Design focuses on principles that extend the standard design process to those people with some type of performance limitation (the lower ability tail of Universal Design). • Accessible Design is a balancing act. • We must acknowledge that it is not possible to designeverything so that it can be used by everyone. There will always be someone with a combination of severe physical, sensory and cognitive impairments who will not be able to use it. This makes it necessary to look toward a combination of approaches for meeting the needs of peoplewith disabilities, ranging from the incorporation of features into products that will make them directly usable by more people with disabilities to the inclusion of features thatmake them easier to modify for accessibility.

40. Physically Disabled and Elderly People • Types of aids for these kinds of people: • Wheel chairs • Crutches or walkers • Blind Canes • Hearing aids for deaf people

41. WHEELCHAIRS • The wheel chair is the extension of the body of the person who depends on it for mobility. • The space he needs should be treated with respect. • A barrier-free environment would help to calm down the fear of falling out of the wheel chair.

42. WHEELCHAIRS BACK HEIGHT: 90 CM ELBOW HEIGHT: 73 CM SITTING HEIGHT: 48-50 CM WIDTH: 66 CM We need at least 1.50m to turn with a wheelchair 110-120 CM

44. CRUTCHES • People who use braces or artificial limbs have some difficulties while traversing stairs or passing through heavy doors. • A critical concern for these people is maintaining balance over an uneven walking surface. 24cm 76-101cm

45. WALKERS • The clearance required by a user employing the aid of a walker is more easily defined. 86cm 71cm

47. BLIND CANES • The ability to travel from place to place safely and efficiently is one of the most important skills a blind person can learn.  Many visually impaired people use a long cane, known as a blind cane or blind man's cane, to get aroundindependently.  • These canes are used to clear a path in front of the user. 140 – 160 cm

48. 81 cm 177 cm

49. ELDERLY PEOPLE • Older people of both sexes tend to be shorter than younger people. • Reach measurements of old people are shorter than those of young people. • There is also variability in the degree to which the reach of elderly people is impaired due to arthritis and other joint movement limitations.