Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

1. Chapter 12Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

2. Anatomy and Physiology • Liver • Largest solid organ in the body • Plays role in: • Digestion • Absorption • Metabolism

3. Anatomy and Physiology • Liver • Plays role in • Blood clotting • Manufacture of important chemicals • Storage of nutrients

4. Anatomy and Physiology • Gallbladder stores bile until needed • Pancreas produces and excretes most of the intestinal enzymes

5. Common Signs and Symptoms • Liver Disease • Jaundice • Pain is the most common symptom

6. Diagnostic Tests • Liver function tests measure bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase • Ultrasound, X-rays, CAT scan • Biopsy • Blood tests to measure pancreatic function

7. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • Causes include chemical actions of drugs, toxic substances, chronic alcoholism, group of viruses • Viral hepatitis is the most prevalent

8. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Symptoms • Jaundice • Malaise • Anorexia • Myalgia

9. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Symptoms • Fever • Abdominal pain • Dark-colored urine (hepatomegaly) • Clay or light-colored stools

10. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Treatment • Rest • Good nutrition • Prevention • Good hygiene • Special care when handling needles and body fluids

11. Liver Diseases • Viral Hepatitis occurs in five types • A, B, C, D, E • Hepatitis A: benign; spread by oral-fecal contact • Hepatitis B: formerly called “serum hepatitis” spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen

12. Liver Diseases • Hepatitis C: spread by blood or sex • Hepatitis D: “delta virus” requires presence of hepatitis B to replicate • Hepatitis E: spread through fecal-oral contact, commonly due to water contamination

13. Liver Diseases • Cirrhosis • Chronic, irreversible, degenerative • Replacement of normal liver cells with nonfunctioning scar tissue called “hobnail liver”

14. Liver Diseases • Cirrhosis • Most common cause is chronic alcoholism • Symptoms • Loss of appetite • Nausea • Indigestion • Weakness and weight loss

15. Liver Disease • Liver Cancer • Primary and benign tumors of liver are rare • Usually discovered late or end stage • Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

16. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis • Inflammation of gallbladder usually caused by obstruction of bile due to gallstone • Diagnosis is made by ultrasound, cholecystogram

17. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis • Symptoms • Mild to severe RUQ pain • Nausea and vomiting after eating • Treatment surgical excision

18. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts • Symptoms • Nausea • Vomiting • RUQ pain following meals with fat

19. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • Risk factors include excessive weight, increasing age, female

20. Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • 5 F’s of cholelithiasis • Female • Fair complexion • Fat • Fertile • Forty or older

21. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreas • Symptoms • Severe abdominal pain radiating to back • Nausea • Vomiting • Diaphoresis • Tachycardia

22. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis • Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are similar to acute • Diagnosis is based on high blood amylase • Treatment and prognosis depends on cause

23. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Usually adenocarcinoma occurring in head of pancreas • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain • Back pain • Nausea • Vomiting

24. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Symptoms • Loss of appetite • Weakness • Jaundice • Fatigue

25. Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Treatment • Surgical resection • Radiation and chemotherapy