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Hematopoiesis and Anemia: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. HEMATOLOGY

  2. Hematopoiesis • Fetus: liver, spleen, bones sometimes regain heatopoietic activity in the adult: i.e. myelofibrosis • Child: long bones, skull, vertebrae etc. • Adult: vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvic bones and long bones, skull - about 1 kg tissue producing 1011 cells/day

  3. Hematopoietic cells • Pluripotent stem cell compartment • relatively small, lymphocyte-like cells • Proliferating cells of committed lineage myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocyte, lymphoid, reticulum cell lines • Maturing (postmitotic) cells • Mature cells circulating half life: pmn.leukocytes 6 hours platelets: 8-10 days erythroid cells: 120 days

  4. Erythropoiesis • Stimulus: hypoxia erythropoietin (in the kidney [and liver]) pluripotent stem cells CFU-E BFU-E proerythroblasts erythroblasts normoblasts mature red blood cells

  5. Leukocyte production • Pluripotent stem cells • Myeloblasts • Promyelocytes • Myelocytes

  6. Leukocyte production Metamyelocyte

  7. Leukocyteproduction Band-form

  8. Leukocyte production Mature polymorphonuclear granulocyte

  9. Megakaryocyte line Giant, multinucleated cells Breaks up, releasing about 5000 platelets

  10. Marrow lymphocytes arising also in spleen and lymph nodes lifetime: years

  11. Bone marrow function • Hematopoiesis • Antibody producing plasma cell differentiation • Monitoring hematopoietic cell quality • Important key nutrients: iron folic acid vitamin B12 regulatory hormones (EPO, CSF-s) interleukins

  12. Hematological diseases

  13. Anemia • Decrease in red cell mass or hemoglobin content of blood below the physiologic need • Not a disease itself! A clinical sign! • Analysis of anaemia • seek the background mechanisms • loss of red blood cell - bleeding • lack of red blood cell production • excessive red blood cell damage

  14. History • Family history: anemia, splenomegaly, jaundice • Bleeding tendency in the family • Diet, alcohol intake • Menorrhagia • Drugs • Chronic diseases • Malnutrition, malabsorption • Transfusion, iron or other therapy against anemia

  15. Anemia • Signs and symptoms vary with the rapidity of onset: • Rapid (bleeding or brisk hemolysis) • cardiovascular compensatory reactions: tachycardia, postural hypotension, vasoconstriction in the skin and extremities, dyspnea on exertion, faintness, even shock • Slowly developing anemias (ie.nutritional deficiency, chr.bleeding, hemolysis etc.) • there is time for compensation • the patient remains asymptomatic for a long time

  16. Anemia • Mild: often asymptomatic • Moderate: symptoms on exertion • Severe: symptoms on rest heart failure

  17. Anemia - physical findings Non cause-specific • Pallor of skin and mucous membranes • causes: Hb and blood redistribution from the skin • colors • greyish: malignancy • lemon-like: hemolysis, B12 deficiency • Tachycardia • Hyperkinetic precordium • Systolic murmur (reversible)

  18. Anemia - physical findings Cause-related • Jaundice hemolysis • Hepatosplenomegaly - e.g.hemolysis • Lymphadenopathy - lymphomas, autoimmune diseases • Cheilosis (fissura)iron deficiency • Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) iron def. • Beefy red smooth tongue (Hunter-glossitis) - pernicious anemia • Neuropathy - pernicious anemia • Rectal digital examination - bleeding

  19. Laboratory evaluation of anemia • Complete blood picture • Red cell indices • red blood cell count F:3,9-5,6, M:4,5-6,5 G/l • hemoglobin level F:115-155 M:135-175 g/l • hematocrit F:36-48 M:40-52% • MCV: mean corpuscular volume 80-95 fl • MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin 27-34 pg • MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 300-350 g/l • Reticulocyte count (traces of endoplasmic reticulum) - good marker of erythropoiesis 0,5-1,5%

  20. MCV • Microcytic anemia (MCV<80 fl) iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia • Normocytic anemia (MCV 80-100 fl) acute bleeding, renal failure, aplastic anemia • Macrocytic anemia (MCV>100 fl) vitamin B12, folic acid deficiency, liver disease, alcoholism, hypothyroidism

  21. MCH • Hypochromic (MCH<27 pg) • Iron deficiency(i.e. chr. bleeding, malabsorption) • chr. inflammation, malignancy, chr. infection, thalassemias, myelodysplastic sy. • Normochromic (MCH 27-34 pg) • acute bleeding, hemolysis, aplastic anemia, renal anemia • Hyperchromic (MCH>34 pg) • megaloblastic anemia (B12, folic acid deficiency)

  22. Clinical classification of anemias • Decreased cell production • Aplastic anemia • Myelodysplastic syndrome • Deficiency anemias (iron, B12, folic acid) • Erythropoietin deficiency (renal failure) • Bone marrow suppression (malignancy, toxin,virus) • Increased red blood cell destruction/elimination • Extrinsic factors (immun, toxins, mechanic) • Membrane defects • Enzyme defects • Hemoglobinopathy • Blood loss (genitourinary, gastrointestinal, pulmonary other bleeding)

  23. Bone marrow investigationBone marrow biopsy or aspiration • bone marrow cellularity • myeloid-erythroid ratio (norm: 2-3:1) • cell maturation • bone marrow infiltration • stromal cells (fibroblasts etc.)

  24. Polycythemias • Hyperviscosity • Decreased cerebral blood flow tinnitus, lightheadedness, dizziness, stroke • Congestive heart failure • Thrombosis • Increased cell turnover • Gout (due to hyperuricemia) • Itching • In polycythemia vera • Thrombocytosis • Hemorrhage

  25. Polycythemias • Primary: polycythemia vera myeloproliferative disorder • other cell lines are affected (leukocytosis, thrombocytosis) • hepatosplenomegaly • EPO level: low • Secondary: • hypoxia EPO production • chr. pulmonary diseases • morbid obesitiy (Pickwick’s syndrome) • high altitude • EPO overproduction: tumors

  26. Leukocyte disorders 1. Benign alterations 2. Malignant diseases

  27. Neutrophil granulocytes • Functions: • chemotaxis • phagocytosis • microbial killing • Disorders • neutropenia, agranulocytosis: abs.count<1000 causes:drugs, autoimmun diseases, viral infections (e.g. EBV,HIV,hepatitis), B12 deficiency, leukemias,alcoholism increased risk of infection • neutrophilia:infections, stress, drugs (steroids) • left shift: bacterial infections

  28. Mononuclear phagocytesmonoblasts, promonocytes, monocytes, tissue macrophages • Functions • chemotaxis • ingestion and killing microorganisms • secretion of several factors proteases, cytokines, reactive oxygen compounds, colony stimulating factors • interaction with lymphocytes • antigen processing and presentation

  29. Eosinophil granulocytes • Eosinophilia: • Parasitic infections • Allergies • Autoimmune diseases • Hematologic malignancies (CML, Hodgkin’s disease etc.)

  30. Basophil granulocytes • Important role in: • inflammation • hypersensitivity reactions • Basophilia: malignant hematologic diseases

  31. Acute leukemias • Agressive immature hemopoietic cell proliferation, without differentiation (hiatus leucemicus in the blood smear) • Subtypes: • ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) • ANLL (acute non lymphoblastic leukemia) or AML (acute myeloblastic leukemia)

  32. Acute leukemia syndrome • Susceptibility to infections - serious infections • Anemia due to bone marrow infiltration and bleeding • Thrombocytopenia - bleeding tendency purpuras, petechiae, mucosal bleeding • Organ infiltration

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