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AP Biology

This overview explores the crucial roles of dehydration and hydrolysis reactions in metabolism, highlighting the formation and breakdown of polymers through these processes. We'll examine how dehydration synthesis creates new bonds by removing water molecules, while hydrolysis adds water molecules to break bonds. The discussion includes the energy dynamics of these reactions, characterized by Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG), distinguishing between exergonic and endergonic reactions. Additionally, we delve into energy coupling and the interplay of kinetic and potential energy in biological systems.

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Living Metabolism Part 1

  2. Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Dehydration and HydrolysisReactions Longer polymer Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer

  3. Reactants Amount of energy released (G < 0) Catabolism(Hydrolysis Reaction) Energy Free energy Products Progress of the reaction Exergonic reaction: energy released

  4. Products Anabolism(Dehydration Synthesis) Amount of energy required (G > 0) Free energy Energy Reactants Progress of the reaction Endergonic reaction: energy required

  5. Reactants Amount of energy released (G < 0) Catabolism(Hydrolysis Reaction) Energy Free energy Products Progress of the reaction Exergonic reaction: energy released

  6. Energy CouplingTwo processes united by Energy

  7. Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy

  8. Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy

  9. Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy

  10. Thermodynamics

  11. LE 8-3 CO2 Heat Chemical energy H2O First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics

  12. Gibbs “Free” Energy • Δ G = ΔH – TΔ S • G- Gibbs “free” energy • H – Enthalpy (Total usable energy in the system) • T – Temperature in Kelvin (273 + C⁰) • S- Entropy (Disorder created by something being broken down) • Δ – Change in a variable over time

  13. G < 0 G = 0 Unstable (Capable of work)vs.Stable (no work) A closed hydroelectric system

  14. Reactants Amount of energy released (G < 0) LE 8-6a Energy Free energy Products Progress of the reaction Exergonic reaction: energy released

  15. Products LE 8-6b Amount of energy required (G > 0) Free energy Energy Reactants Progress of the reaction Endergonic reaction: energy required

  16. Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy

  17. P i P Protein moved Motor protein Mechanical work: ATP phosphorylates motor proteins Types of work performed by living cells Membrane protein ADP ATP + P i P P i Solute transported Solute Transport work: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins P NH2 NH3 P + + Glu i Glu Reactants: Glutamic acid and ammonia Product (glutamine) made Chemical work: ATP phosphorylates key reactants

  18. ATP

  19. Phosphorylation

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