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WWII, Cold War, Korean War

WWII, Cold War, Korean War. American History II - Unit 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrneWzXJVAo. Review. What differences contributed to post-war tensions between the US and USSR? Capitalism and democracy vs. communist dictatorship

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WWII, Cold War, Korean War

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  1. WWII, Cold War, Korean War American History II - Unit 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrneWzXJVAo

  2. Review • What differences contributed to post-war tensions between the US and USSR? • Capitalism and democracy vs. communist dictatorship • US angry that Stalin supported Hitler, Stalin angry Truman kept the bomb a secret • US wanted to reunite Germany, USSR wanted to keep Germany divided • Why did Stalin feel justified in establishing satellite nations? • USSR suffered large casualties and physical destruction in the war – wanted to use satellite nations as a buffer for future attacks and as mines for natural resources • What does the “iron curtain” refer to? • The division in between western Europe (and NATO) and eastern Europe (Warsaw Pact) • What steps did the US take to try to contain communism in Europe? • Truman Doctrine – aid to any nation resisting communism • Marshall Plan – aid to rebuild war torn European countries • Berlin Airlift – supplies to west Berlin while resisting Soviet forces • Establishment of NATO – pledged military support in case of a USSR attack

  3. 5.7 – The Korean War and Escalating Cold War

  4. Democratic-Republican Shift • July 28, 1948 – Truman issued Executive Order 9981  desegregated military • Election of 1948 • Democrat – Truman • Republican – Dewey • States’ Rights Democrat (“Dixiecrat”) – Thurmond • Truman won, narrowly, but with the help much of the African American and minority vote

  5. China: Nationalists vs. Communists • Chiang Kai-shek – Nationalist (almost totalitarian) leader of China • Favored in southern and eastern China • Supported by US • 1945-49 - $3B in US aid • Some American officials viewed Chiang as inefficient and corrupt • Mao Zedong – head of Communist Party and Red Army • Favored in northern china • Relied on USSR aid • Attracted peasants through promising land reform, literacy education, and more food production • By 1945, much of northern China under communist control

  6. Civil War in China • After WWII (Japan no longer a threat), Nationalists and Communists no longer cooperate • 1945-49, US supported Nationalists ($, not troops) • May 1949 – Chiang and supporters fled to Taiwan • “Formosa” to Westerners • Communists established People’s Republic of China (PRD)  US refused to recognize gov’t

  7. America’s Response to PRC • Containment failed! China became Communist! • Truman attacked for not doing more to support Chinese Nationalists  State Dep’t said Communism in China resulted from internal forces, not external influence • Some Conservatives in Congress didn’t accept that excuse… believed the American gov’t was riddled with Communist agents  panic concerning Communism rising in America

  8. Korea • 1910 – Japan annexed Korea • August 1945 • Japanese north of 38th parallel surrendered to USSR • Japanese south of the 38th parallel surrendered to US • Post-war Korea was divided in half along the 38th parallel (like Germany)

  9. Korea • June 1949 – only 500 American troops in South Korea • Soviets believed US would not fight to defend South Korea • Soviets backed North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money to take over entire peninsula

  10. The Korean War • June 25, 1950 – NK launched surprise attack on SK • Korean War - 1950-53, conflict between NK and SK, US and UN nations supported SK, China supported NK • South Korea petitioned the UN for help  vote passed to help SK • USSR not present due to their UN boycott – angry due to UN acknowledgment of Chinese Nationalists in Taiwan • Soviets could not veto UN’s resolution

  11. The Korean War • June 27, 1950 • US troops in Japan reported to SK • 16 nations (including US) sent 520,000 troops + 590,000 SK troops • SK All troops under command of General Douglas MacArthur (WWII hero)

  12. MacArthur’s Counterattack Yalu River • At first, NK forces controlled most of the peninsula • Sept. 15, 1950 – MacArthur launched surprise amphibious attack on Inchon while troops approached from Pusan  trapped NK forces, surrendered and retreated past to 38th parallel line • Nov. 1950 – UN troops reached the Yalu River  Korea might be whole again… Inchon Pusan Wikipedia GIF on Korean War

  13. Chinese Fight Back • Nov. 1950 – Chinese troops joined NK • Did not want US troops near the border, NK as a buffer between SK and Communist China • Korean War = China vs. US • Chinese pushed US troops south, away from the NK-China border  progress further south and capture Seoul in Jan. 1951 • Stalemate – no substantial advances

  14. MacArthur Recommends Attacking China • To end stalemate, MacArthur called for nuclear weapon use on China • Truman disagreed  China aligned with Soviet Union, bombing China = World War III • War with China would be “the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy.” – General Omar Bradley • SK and US forces begin attempt to advance on NK troops  April 1951 – Seoul retaken and NK at 38th parallel…. SQUARE ONE!

  15. MacArthur vs. Truman • McArthur – WAR WITH CHINA! • Spoke with newspaper and magazine publishers… even Republican leaders • Truman – ABSOLUTELY NOT! • Despite warnings from superiors, McArthur continued to undermine and criticize Truman  April 11, 1951 – Truman fired MacArthur • Initially, most Americans shocked, supported MacArthur (WWII hero!) • After a while, public opinion swayed and Americans realized Truman’s case for limiting the war was a logical and smart move.

  16. Truce • Long, bloody stalemate  June 23, 1951 – USSR suggested a cease-fire, truce talks followed • Location of the cease-fire line to be at the existing battle line • Establishment of a demilitarized zone (area without military activities) between NK and SK • Agreement did not fully please Truman • Korea still two separate nations (US = ) • Communism contained without using atomic weapons (US = )

  17. Post-Korean War • Korean War Impact • 54,000 US lives lost • $67B • Increased fear of domestic communist aggression and influence • High cost and low reward result of Korean War turned many Americans away from the Democratic Party • Election of 1952 • Democrat – Adlai Stevenson • Republican – Dwight D. Eisenhower (WWII hero) • 34th POTUS - Eisenhower

  18. Dwight D. Eisenhower • 34th POTUS - 1952-1960 • Moderate Republican (Americans tired of Democrats, in office since 1933) • WWII hero (General, led Operation Torch, Operation Overlord) • “I like Ike!” campaign slogan • Raised minimum wage, compromised on civil rights, extended social security, increased funding for public housing, created a national interstate highway system

  19. Escalating Cold War

  20. Race for the H-Bomb • 1949 - Soviet Union tested atomic bomb • Truman vs Stalin race for the H-bomb – hydrogen bomb • 67x more destructive than the atomic bomb • Nov. 1, 1952 – US tested first H-bomb • 1953 – Soviets tested H-bomb

  21. Policy of Brinkmanship • Sec of State, John Foster Dulles, staunch anti-communist • Dulles proposed to threaten any aggressor communist nation with nuclear weapons • Brinkmanship – the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out nuclear war • US trimmed army/navy, expanded air force, increased nuclear weapon supply • Constant fear of nuclear warfare

  22. Nikita Khrushchev • 1953 – Stalin died, a series of leaders take control for a few years until 1955 • Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader who believed that communism would take over the world, however do this peacefully • Favored a policy of coexistence in which US and USSR would compete economically and scientifically

  23. Open-Skies Proposal • July 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Switzerland  Eisenhower suggested “open-skies” proposal • The US and USSR would allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks  build trust and decrease tensions • Soviets rejected the plan. • However, seen as step towards global peacekeeping.

  24. The Suez War • 1955 – Egypt to build dam on Nile River • Egypt played USSR and US to see who would give better aid  GB and US agreed but US withdrew offer later • Egypt angered and took control of the Suez Canal (owned by France and GB) • France, GB, and Israel sent troops and seized a part of the canal • UN stepped in  troops withdrawn and canal in Egypt’s control

  25. Eisenhower Doctrine • USSR supported Egypt in the Suez War  Soviet prestige to rise in the Middle East • Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957, US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

  26. CIA • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – gov’t agency that used spies to gather information abroad, carried out covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow opposing gov’ts • Established in 1947 • Used extensively by Eisenhower’s administration to organize missions to prevent the spread of communism in the Middle East and Latin America • Tested different types of weapons to study effectiveness (ex: psychedelics)

  27. Hungarian Uprising • 1956 – Hungary revolted against Soviet control for a democratic gov’t • Soviet troops killed 30,000 Hungarians • 200,000 Hungarians fled west • Truman Doctrine promised aid to countries resisting Communist powers, the US did nothing to help Hungary  Hungarians bitter and disappointed • No UN help either, all proposals were vetoed by USSR • What would Hungary’s position as a satellite nation have to do with the US denying aid?

  28. Space Race • US vs USSR desire for international power/prestige  Space Race • Who can get a man into outer space first • USSR victory – Oct. 4, 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial satellite that took pictures of Earth as it orbited it • US increased space funding  Jan. 31, 1958 – US launched its first satellite

  29. U-2 Incident • “Open-skies” proposal rejected by USSR, however, US CIA continued to fly planes over USSR secretly to track military mov’t and missile sites • U-2 plane – could fly at high altitudes without being detected • By 1960, US officials nervous about U-2 program • Existence and purpose of U-2 planes was an open secret among some American press  Soviets had been aware of the flights for a few years • Eisenhower called for the discontinuation of the U-2 program, but not before 1 last flight

  30. U-2 Incident • May 1, 1960 – Francis Gary Powers piloted a plane over Soviet territory • Shot down • Parachuted into Soviet territory • Sentenced to 10 years in Soviet prison • Released after 18 months in return for a Soviet agent convicted of spying in the US • Came to be known as the U-2 Incident

  31. The U-2 Incident • Khrushchev demanded apology for spying U-2 planes • Eisenhower agreed to stop flight, but would not apologize • Khrushchev called off soon-to-be peace summit and withdrew Eisenhower’s invitation to visit the USSR  Tensions growing between US and USSR

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