Early Modern World History

1. Early Modern World History 1450-1750 AP World History

2. Important Themes • Impact of Interaction – The Development of a Global Economy • State-building • Systems of forced labor • Cultural and Intellectual Changes

3. Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • European Exploration • Trade shift … Asian-centered economy in global economy • Motivation = new resources, new trade routes, spread of Christianity • Asian spices • New technology • Sternpost rudder, lateen sail, magnetic compass, astrolabe • Portugal led the way … sugar plantations off the coast of Africa first …

4. Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • European Explorers • Bartolomeu Dias (1488) • Christopher Columbus (1492) • Vasco da Gama (1497) • Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522)

5. Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • Trading Post Empires • European goal to control trade, not conquer (Portugal first) • Built fortified cities from West Africa to East Asia • English & Dutch … joint-stock companies

6. Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • Colombian Exchange • Biggest change of this period was the incorporation of the Americas in the global trade network. • Global diffusion of plants, food, crops, animals, humans, and diseases. • Smallpox > 90-95% killed • Global diffusion of food and animals = increase in nutritional value of diets and population worldwide

7. Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • Role and impact of silver • Most abundant precious metal in the Americas • Stimulated global trade network • China’s products were in high demand and silver from the Americas changed China’s economy • Role and impact of sugar • Complex production of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, and technical skills • Required heavy labor and specialized skills ≠ use of Indian labor > African labor • Harsh working conditions for the African slaves leading to significant disease and death > Atlantic Slave Trade

8. State-Building • Ottoman Empire (~ 1300’s to 1923) • Turkish group … replaced Mongols’ power in the Middle East … “Gunpowder Empire” • Janissaries … 1453 > ended Byzantine Empire … Istanbul • Suleyman the Magnificent … centralized absolute monarchy … rebuilt Istanbul • Vizier • Political succession problems • Sultan’s harem very influential • Trade “middle-man” • Reached its peak in the mid-17th century … outpaced by the Europeans in naval technology first

9. State-Building • Mughal Empire (1523-mid 1700’s) • Babur’s (founder) empire temporarily replaced the long history of decentralization in India • Akbar • Abolished jizya; great patron of arts; Din-i-alahi • Taj Mahal (Shah Jahan) • Aurangzeb … ended toleration … persecutred Hindu’s

10. State-Building • Songhay (1464-1591) • West African state succeeded Mali … Muslim state • Sunni Ali • Trans-Saharan trade & Gao (salt, textiles, and metal in exchange for gold and slaves) • Timbuktu’s Islamic university • Their fall coincided with the arrival of the Europeans in the late 16th century but did not fall because of the Europeans

11. State-Building • Kongo (~1300’s-1600’s) • Centralized state … west coast of Central Africa • Portuguese arrival in 1482 … commercial relations at first … many Kongolese converted to Christianity • Equal relationship in the beginning … eventually Portuguese turn on King Afonso I and began systematic slave raids … undermined king • Kongo eventually lost war with Portugal in 1665

12. State-Building • Spanish & Portuguese in the New World • Spanish Conquistadors --- three G’s • New Spain (Mexico) & New Castille (Peru) – viceroy • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Multicultural & ethnically mixed population: • Peninsulares – creoles – mestizos – mulattoes – (Natives, Africans, zambos) made up the bottom • Encomienda system • Repartimiento system • Plantation system • Missionaries • Roman Catholicism

13. State-Building • Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • “Manchu” • Outlawed intermarriage b/n Manchu & Chinese – Chinese were not allowed to learn Manchurian languages – Chinese men had to wear their hair in a queue as a sign of submission • Bureaucracy based on Confucian traditions – civil service examination • Active role in the global trade network • Favored stability over technological innovation

14. State-Building • Russian Empire (1480-1917) • Emerged on its own after Mongol collapse • Ivan III – strong centralized government with an absolute monarch (czar) – head of the Russian Orthodox Church – Ivan the Terrible?? • Romanov family emerged and ruled until 1917 • Peter the Great – westernization – St. Petersburg • Catherine the Great – continued westernization – embraced some Enlightenment ideas – placed more restrictions on serfs and Russia expanded to Alaska

15. State-Building • Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1867) • Tokugawa Ieyasu – ended civil wars with use of western guns – then bans guns • Increased control over daimyos by making them stay in the capital of Edo (Tokyo) every other year • Contact with outside world closely controlled • No Japanese could travel abroad • Only Dutch were allowed to trade (Nagasaki) • Despite restrictions Japanese economy prospered b/c agricultural output & population increased • By 1580 > 150,000 Japanese Christians – government ordered them tortured and executed those that remained • “Pax Tokugawa” followed

16. Systems of Forced Labor • Atlantic Slave Trade • Forced migration of ~ 15 million .. Outcome of the Age of Exploration and Colombian Exchange • African slave trade already existed prior to WE • Europeans tapped into well-developed slave trade • African role in slave trade? • Plantations .. Trans-Atlantic trade • Triangle Trade … “Middle Passage” • Cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee) • African syncretism in the New World?

17. Systems of Forced Labor • Encomienda System • Gave Spanish settlers the right to demand labor in the mines and fields of native peoples • Worked hard and several punished • Cortez & Pizarro introduced this system • Haciendas • Repartimiento systemreplaced encomienda system (required them to work but they had to be compensated) • New Castille (Peru) tapped into mita labor system (labor tax) used by Inca but workers were paid low wages

18. Systems of Forced Labor • Russian Serfdom • After Mongol rule many peasants owed large debts and were forced onto large estates • Government encouraged this process as a way “to regulate the peasants” .. Boyars were their masters • Serfs could be bought and sold, gambled away, and punished by their noble masters (boyars) • Serfs were illiterate and poor; paid high taxes; owned extensive labor service to their landlords (agricultural, mining, or manufacturing) • Future looked bleak

19. Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Renaissance (began in the 15th century) • Crusade impact? • Greco-Roman works re-introduced … “rebirth” • new view of man as a creative and rational being • Rediscovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge • Unparalleled accomplishments in literature, music, and art • Celebration of the human individual (humanism) • Medici family impact? • Leonardo da Vinci… “Renaissance Man” • Eventually moved to northern Europe • Gutenberg’s printing press

20. Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Reformation (early 16th century) • Renaissance created an atmosphere that encouraged debate and criticism of the existing order • Catholic Church = great power • Martin Luther(1517) & “Ninety-Five Theses” • Divisions of the papacy, in which more than one Pope claimed authority • Some religious traditions and rituals were not derived from the Scriptures • Corrupt practices such as the sale of indulgences • Church finances and income • Lack of piety in the priesthood • Excommunication of Luther • Protestants spread from central Europe to Holland, Switzerland, and Scandinavia.

21. Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Reformation (cont.) • Major outcomes of the Protestant movement: • Redrawing of the religious map of Europe > Protestants dominated the north, Catholics the south • A decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church • Further power strugglesv between the citizenry and monarchs • England (Civil War, Protestants took Parliament, king executed) • Series of religious wars pitted Catholics vs. Protestants for the next 200 years (Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648)