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Thursday Lecture – Origin of Agriculture, continued

Thursday Lecture – Origin of Agriculture, continued. - Geographical origin of plant crops - Changes under domestication. Assignment #3.

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Thursday Lecture – Origin of Agriculture, continued

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  1. Thursday Lecture – Origin of Agriculture, continued - Geographical origin of plant crops - Changes under domestication

  2. Assignment #3 List 5 plant foods that you have consumed this week (they may be foods that consist entirely of the plant; or foods that contain the plant as one of the ingredients). Prepare a one page world map that is labeled to show where each plant food originated (use Table 2.1 of your textbook as your source of information) Due Date: Tuesday 2/1 Can Be Returned as Hard Copy or File Attachment to e-mail message

  3. Briefly explain the myth regarding Persephone, Demeter, Pluto and the pomegranate. How does it relate to agriculture? • Where and when did agriculture begin? • Who was Nikolai Vavilov?

  4. Geological Time Scale

  5. Geological Time Scale

  6. Where did agriculture originate? • 4-5+ Centers North America Near East Mexico Southeast Asia South America Sub-sahara Africa

  7. What types of plants were utilized in early agriculture? • Cereals – Members of the Grass Family Poaceae • Near East: • Far East: • Subsaharan Africa: • Mexico • South America

  8. What types of plants were utilized in early agriculture? • Cereals • Near East: Barley, Wheat • Far East: Rice • Subsaharan Africa: Millets • Mexico Corn • South America Acquired Corn

  9. What types of plants were utilized in early agriculture? • Legumes – members of pea family Fabaceae • Near East: • Far East: • Subsaharan Africa: • Mexico • South America

  10. What types of plants were utilized in early agriculture? • Legumes • Near East: Peas, Lentils • Far East: Soybeans, Mung Bean • Subsaharan Africa: Cowpeas (black-eyed peas); Vetch • Mexico Common Bean • South America Common Bean, Lima Bean, Peanut

  11. What types of plants were utilized in early agriculture? • Starchy Staples – members of various families • Near East: • Far East: • Subsaharan Africa: • Mexico • South America

  12. What types of plants were utilized in early agriculture? • Starchy Staples • Near East: Dates • Far East: Banana, Taro, Breadfruit • Subsaharan Africa: Yams • Mexico Sweet Potato • South America Potatoes, Manioc

  13. Did agriculture have a single origin? • Criteria to evaluate: • crops utilized • methods of cultivation • temporal considerations

  14. Did agriculture have a single origin? • Criteria to evaluate: • crops utilized • methods of cultivation • temporal considerations • Hypothesis 1: idea of agriculture so distinctive that it probably originated just once - humans carried it around the world, e.g. on long oceanic voyages (not recorded historically) a la Thor Heyerdahl

  15. Did agriculture have a single origin? • Criteria to evaluate: • crops utilized • methods of cultivation • temporal considerations • Hypothesis 1: idea of agriculture so distinctive that it probably originated just once - humans carried it around the world, e.g. on long oceanic voyages (not recorded historically) a la Thor Heyerdahl • Hypothesis 2: differences in plants and methods of cultivation  most likely that agriculture was invented independently in different areas

  16. Alternative Views – Origin of Agriculture • “Classical View” – sudden, dramatic event; requires explanation • raises issue of single vs. multiple origins • New View (Box 2.1, text) – gradual transition • issue of origin less significant • Major Points: • Once adopted, agriculture stayed with culture • Agriculture adopted in various parts of the world, with differing sets of plants

  17. What are the consequences for people of origin of agriculture? • Cities

  18. What are the consequences for people of origin of agriculture? • Cities • Civilization, associated with need to keep track of events (possibly stimulated development of writing)

  19. What are the consequences for people of origin of agriculture? • Cities • Civilization, associated with need to keep track of events (possibly stimulated development of writing) • increased population size

  20. What are the consequences for people of origin of agriculture? • Cities • Civilization, associated with need to keep track of events (possibly stimulated development of writing) • increased population size • did not eliminate hunger

  21. Nikolai Vavilov – Scientific Contributions • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943) • Institutional Leader – “All Union Institute of Plant Industry”:

  22. Nikolai Vavilov – Scientific Contributions • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943) • Institutional Leader – “All Union Institute of Plant Industry”: • staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories; 160,000 plant/seed samples

  23. Nikolai Vavilov – Scientific Contributions • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943) • Institutional Leader – “All Union Institute of Plant Industry”: • staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories; 160,000 plant/seed samples • “Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants” (Book - 1926) • Novel approach to biogeography – center of diversity = center of origin

  24. Nikolai Vavilov – Scientific Contributions • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943) • Institutional Leader – “All Union Institute of Plant Industry”: • staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories; 160,000 plant/seed samples • “Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants” (Book - 1926) • Novel approach to biogeography – center of diversity = center of origin • Law of Homologous Series of Variation (paper - 1920)

  25. The Lysenko Affair T. D. Lysenko – Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder (1989-1976)

  26. The Lysenko Affair T. D. Lysenko – Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder (1989-1976) - Discovery of “vernalization” (induction of early flowering in biennial crops through use of cold treatment)

  27. The Lysenko Affair T. D. Lysenko – Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder (1989-1976) - Discovery of “vernalization” (induction of early flowering in biennial crops through use of cold treatment) - Renunciation of “Darwinian Evolution” in favor of a Lamarckian-type explanation

  28. The Lysenko Affair • T. D. Lysenko – Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder (1989-1976) • - Discovery of “vernalization” (induction of early flowering in biennial crops through use of cold treatment) • - Renunciation of “Darwinian Evolution” in favor of a Lamarckian-type explanation • Ascension to political power (“dictator of science” under Stalin); misuse of science to support socio-political philosophy

  29. The Lysenko Affair • T. D. Lysenko – Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder (1989-1976) • - Discovery of “vernalization” (induction of early flowering in biennial crops through use of cold treatment) • - Renunciation of “Darwinian Evolution” in favor of a Lamarckian-type explanation • Ascension to political power (“dictator of science” under Stalin); misuse of science to support socio-political philosophy • Falsification of experimental results • Suppression of science/scientists

  30. Vavilov vs. Lysenko • Vavilov • broadly trained scientist • Lysenko • narrowly trained agronomist

  31. Vavilov vs. Lysenko • Vavilov • broadly trained scientist • spoke/read 12 languages • Lysenko • narrowly trained agronomist • spoke/read Russian only

  32. Vavilov vs. Lysenko • Vavilov • broadly trained scientist • spoke/read 12 languages • traveled around world • Lysenko • narrowly trained agronomist • spoke/read Russian only • never left Russia

  33. Vavilov vs. Lysenko • Vavilov • broadly trained scientist • spoke/read 12 languages • traveled around world • embraced and added to scientific advances, including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution • Lysenko • narrowly trained agronomist • spoke/read Russian only • never left Russia • rejected scientific advances, especially Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution

  34. Vavilov vs. Lysenko • Vavilov • broadly trained scientist • spoke/read 12 languages • traveled around world • embraced and added to scientific advances, including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution • major contributions to agriculture in Russia • Lysenko • narrowly trained agronomist • spoke/read Russian only • never left Russia • rejected scientific advances, especially Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution • inadvertantly damaged Russian agricultural system through poor policies

  35. Vavilov vs. Lysenko • Vavilov • broadly trained scientist • spoke/read 12 languages • traveled around world • embraced and added to scientific advances, including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution • major contributions to agriculture in Russia • died in prison, 1943 • Lysenko • narrowly trained agronomist • spoke/read Russian only • never left Russia • rejected scientific advances, especially Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution • inadvertantly damaged Russian agricultural system through poor policies • forced out in 1950s

  36. Changes under Domestication “Law of Homologous Series” –> similar changes in different species

  37. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds)

  38. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds) • loss of natural means of dispersal

  39. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds) • loss of natural means of dispersal • loss of delayed and irregular germination of seeds

  40. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds) • loss of natural means of dispersal • loss of delayed and irregular germination of seeds • simultaneous ripening

  41. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds) • loss of natural means of dispersal • loss of delayed and irregular germination of seeds • simultaneous ripening • loss of toxic or bitter substances

  42. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds) • loss of natural means of dispersal • loss of delayed and irregular germination of seeds • simultaneous ripening • loss of toxic or bitter substances • loss of mechanical means of protection

  43. Changes under Domestication • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits, seeds) • loss of natural means of dispersal • loss of delayed and irregular germination of seeds • simultaneous ripening • loss of toxic or bitter substances • loss of mechanical means of protection • change in color of fruits and seeds

  44. What is a Fruit? Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist)

  45. What is a Fruit, continued Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist) Fruits are Fruits

  46. What is a Fruit, continued Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist) Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits

  47. What is a Fruit, continued Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist) Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are Fruits

  48. What is a Fruit, continued Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist) Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are Fruits Some Vegetables are Fruits

  49. What is a Fruit, continued Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist) Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are Fruits Some Vegetables are Fruits Some Botanists are Nuts?

  50. Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts

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