Question of the Day

1. Question of the Day • How can you change the position of 1 toothpick and leave the giraffe in exactly the same form, but possibly mirror-imaged or oriented differently, as before?

2. Question of the Day • How can you change the position of 1 toothpick and leave the giraffe in exactly the same form, but possibly mirror-imaged or oriented differently, as before?

3. CSC 212 – Data Structures Lecture 23:Queues

4. Using Stack • Last-In, First-Out principle used to access data • Also called LIFO ordering • Top of stack is where data added & removed • Only useful location; cannot access anything else

5. Stack Limitations • Great for Pez dispensers, JVMs,& methods • All of these use most recent item added only • Do not complain when later additions served first • Many situations use items in order added • Checker at Wegmans& others prevent cutting in line • Use first-come, first-served getting food at dining hall

6. Queue ADT • Collection’s operations are part of Queue • As in Stack, declares size()& isEmpty() • Add & remove elements using 2 methods • Element gets added to end with enqueue(elem) • dequeue()removes front element in structure • Also includes method to peek in at first element • front()returns element at front without removing

7. Queue Interface public interface Queue<E> extends Collection {public Efront()throws EmptyQueueException;public Edequeue() throws EmptyQueueException;public void enqueue(E element); } • Very similar to Stackinterface • Defines specific methods to add, remove, & view data • Holds many elements, but can access only one • Stack & Queuealways add to the end • Remove element at start of this Queue… • …while Stack removes element at the end

8. Stacks vs. Queues • Access data with Stack in LIFO order • LastIn-First Out • Completely unfair (unless you are always late) • Data accessed in Queue using FIFO order • FirstIn-First Out • Lines at bank, airports represented fairly with these

9. Queue Implementation • “Obvious” implementation uses an array • Must consume a constant amount of space • enqueue()throws exceptionwhen it lacks space • Instead write linked list-based implementation • Singly-, doubly-, or circular-linked list could work • Size of the Queue grows & shrinks as needed • No additional exceptions needed, but is it slower?

10. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head

11. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head elem

12. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head elem

13. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head elem

14. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head elem

15. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head retVal

16. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head retVal

17. Linked-list based Queue • Class defines fields aliased to first & last nodes • head & rearoften used as fields’ names (creative!) • enqueue element by adding new Node after rear • Set head to next Nodein list to dequeue element rear head retVal

18. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

19. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

20. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

21. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

22. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

23. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

24. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

25. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

26. Circular Access q f r • Stacks are easy for arrays: only 1 end “moves” • Can always find Stack’s bottom at index 0 • Queues are harder, because both ends move • dequeue calls will remove element at front • Add element to back with calls to enqueue • Ends of a array-based Queue like clock time

27. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

28. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

29. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

30. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

31. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

32. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

33. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index in r q f r

34. Array-based Queue • Two fields track front and rear of Queue fequals index of front element rholds index immediately after rear element • Add & remove elements from opposite ends • Uses circular access to the array • Works like clock: when end (12) reached, loop to start • Array must be empty at index inr q q f f r r

35. Array-based Queue Operations Algorithmsize()N q.length return(N -f+r) mod N • Based on clock math • Uses mod (remainder) • Java expressed mod as % • How mod works:0 % 3 = 01 % 3 = 12 % 3 = 23 % 3 = 0

36. q f r Array-based Queue Operations Algorithmenqueue(e) ifsize() = q.length  1then throw FullQueueException else q[r]e r(r+ 1) mod q.length Algorithmdequeue() ifisEmpty() then throw EmptyQueueException else retValq[f] f(f+ 1) mod q.length returnretVal

37. Your Turn • Get into your groups and complete activity

38. For Next Lecture • Read GT section 5.3 before Wednesday's class • Discusses design of the Deque ADT • Array-based implementation of Deque presented • Dequeimplementation of linked-list also shown • Week #8 weekly assignment due on Tuesday • Midterm #2 will be in class next Monday