Diesel Emissions (Tier 4)

1. Diesel Emissions (Tier 4) Scott Weyant Chris Vernon John Hale Chris Knipfer

2. Agenda • Emissions History • Emissions Technology Overview • Training and Maintenance

3. Tier 4 – Where does it come from? 1996-2015 Non-Road equipment evolves to meet tiered emission standards, with Tier 4 being the final step in this process.

4. Tier 4 - What is the focus? • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) • Particulate Matter (PM)

5. Tier 4 – Is it the same for every piece of equipment? As engine hp increases, the regulations of each tier become more stringent (in general) Tier Stringency

6. Emission Reductions by Tier Regulatory Challenges: – Near-zero targets – NOx and PM are inversely related – Standards vary by power rating and geographic area • Phased in by HP Ranges: • 75 -175 hp: 1/1/12 • 175 – 750 hp: 1/1/11 • >750 hp: 1/1/11 (Tier 2)

8. Tier 4 – Clean Diesel Technologies

9. After Treatment Technologies Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) • Oxidizes pollutants as exhaust flows through component • Facilitates passive regeneration (ongoing removal of soot) • Requires no maintenance Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) • Traps particulate matter (soot & ash) • Soot removed through regeneration process • Ash removed during maintenance Regeneration Systems • Remove soot from DPF • Dosing Systems • Utilizes diesel fuel across DOC to generate heat • Burner Systems • Combustion Chamber • Electric Heating Element NOx Reduction Systems • Cooled EGR • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) • Fuel Systems Wall-flow Design

10. DPF - Regeneration • Diesel Particulate Filter • Regeneration requires elevated exhaust temps • Passive vs. Active Regeneration • Active Regeneration System Complexities • Dosing Systems • Burner Systems • Working vs. Idle Regeneration • Considerations: • Non-OEM packaging and systems integration • Small compact machines (mini-hex, MTL/CTL) • Heat rejection during or immediately following regen • Delayed engine shutdown systems • Regeneration after turbo/injector failure • Oil/fuel soaked DPF + Elevated Exhaust Temps

11. DPF – Packaging Constraints

12. DPF - Regeneration Considerations Application considerations with Active DPF regeneration systems:

13. Fuel System Technology • Common Rail Fuel Systems • Increased injection pressures > 30,000 PSI • Re-introduction of hard steel lines on engine • Some components not re-usable • Considerations: • NO Cracking Fuel Lines during Hard Starting • Bleed-Off Time after shutdown • More pieces/components to remove for repair

14. NOx After-Treatment Technology • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) • Additional components for injection into exhaust • Urea based Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) • Typically injected post – DPF • Considerations: • On board storage of DEF • Tank sizing and location • Temperature Management of fluid • Bulk availability of DEF

15. Training

16. Operator Training • Operators and Foreman • No longer ‘just new engines’ in the machines • Daily Walk-Around Inspections(http://safety.cat.com/Checklists) • Simple, easy to understand, non-instructor oriented • Symbols / Lights • Systems Operation • Reactions • Minimize Impacts to Productivity and Safety • Rear Vision Camera Systems

17. DPF - Regeneration Symbols Lamp / Switch Strategy DPF Regen Lamp - Engine emissions system temps high or outside normal limits DPF Lamp - DPF requires regeneration DPF Regen Disable - Inhibits Active regeneration DPF Soot Load - DPF soot level indicator (if equipped) Manual Regen Switch - Force or Disable active regeneration (if equipped) 0%

18. Dealer/Customer - Technician Training • New Hardware and Technologies • New Fault Codes and Troubleshooting • More complex systems and integration • Emissions Warranty Repairs • Machine Application / System Operation • Light Load, Heavy Transient Work • Regeneration Settings • Non-OEM Training • Application and Installations • Operator Interface Tie-Ins

19. Tier 4 - Maintenance

20. Ash in The Diesel Particulate Filter Oxidized lube oil additives Cleaning Process requires removal EPA: 4500 hr minimum cleaning interval Multiple cleaning methods available Stationary tool Centralized Exchange Mobile tool Issues: Ash Material Capture and Disposal Dispose according to local regulations Weight of components during removal/installation Crane accessible engine compartments Installation of non-authorized component(s) DPF Maintenance

21. Crankcase Ventilation Filter Removes oil from crankcase fumes Drains oil back into crankcase Additional service point on engine Issues: Additional Filter Disposal Oil Temperatures Low pressure system Crankcase Ventilation Filters

22. Critical - Fuel / Oil Requirements ULSD required for Tier 4 Interim product • 2010 in U.S.: 15 ppm (mg/kg) sulfur content (currently up to 500 ppm (mg/kg)) • Enables engine and aftertreatment performance/durability • Violates EPA regulations if not used • ULSD generally not available in LRC regions ECF-3 API CJ-4 oil required: Oil additives formulated to reduce ash deposit • Reduced sulfated ash, phosphorous, and sulfur • To maintain DPF performance and cleaning cycles Biodiesel up to B20, when blended with ULSD Fuel additives: • May not exceed 15 ppm (mg/kg) sulfur, OR • May not exceed 1% by volume of the resulting fuel/additive mixture EPA (required) Fuel inlet label EU Fuel inlet label On/Near Oil Inlet

23. THANK YOU !