1. Marius & Sulla The Century of Civil War Begins

2. Review • Republic Expansion • Spain, Africa • Greece, Turkey as well • Social & Economic Problems • Gracchi Brothers’ Reforms • Land • Grain • Italian citizenship • Optimates vs. Populares

3. Gaius Marius • Consul 7 times – unprecedented • 107, 104, 103, 102, 101, 100, 86 BC • Novus Homo • Army Recruitment Reforms • No property requirement • No class restriction • Land & benefits • Army floods with poor people • Unintended consequence • Are his reforms socialist or populist in nature?

4. Marius’s Military Achievements • War with Jugurtha • Numidia • Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Credit for capturing Jugurtha? • Cimbri & Teutones • Migrating German tribes • 105 BC – Arausio – 80,000 Romans • 102 BC – AquaeSextiae • 101 BC – Vercellae • Sulla deserves some more credit…

5. The Social War • Marcus Livius Drusus’s reforms in 91 • Italian citizenship • Assassinated • Italians revolt • Marius & Sulla fight together until Marius retires for health reasons • Sulla finishes the war

6. 1stMithridatic War • Mithridates invades Asia Province • Asiatic Vespers 88 BC • Then invades Greece • Leadership Debate • Senate picks Sulla; Assembly bribed to pick Marius • Sulla marches on Rome with army; Marius flees • Sulla goes east vs. Mithridates

7. Meanwhile in Rome… • Consuls are Octavius (supporter of Sulla) and Cinna (fan of Marius) • Violence breaks out; Marius arrives with army • Octavius defeated; he and Sulla’s supporters killed off • Marius dies 17 days into his 7th consulship

8. Sulla’s Revenge • Finishes the war with Mithridates & returns to Rome • War drags on between Sulla and the supporters of Marius • Battle of Colline Gate – 83 BC • Sulla becomes sole ruler of Rome • Dictator in 82/81 BC – not during emergency! • Proscriptions • Retires