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Chapter 8

An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein. Chapter 8. Political Geography. PPT by Abe Goldman. United Nations Members (list p. 250). UN began with 51 members in 1945. As of Sept. 2011 , there are 193 members, including South Sudan, the newest.

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Chapter 8

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  1. An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein Chapter 8 Political Geography PPT by Abe Goldman

  2. United Nations Members (list p. 250) UN began with 51 members in 1945. As of Sept. 2011, there are 193 members, including South Sudan, the newest. Kosovo could be the next new member state.

  3. K-1: Problems in Defining States & Develop. of State Concept A State (country): • area w/ organized polit. unit • ruled by establ. gov’t. • has defined territory • handles internal & foreign affairs/issues • defined population • has sovereignty (independ. from other states; self-rule) -NOT “state” like USA’s states (are really more like provinces) -only large land mass on world that is NOT part of a state is Antarctica….but parts are claimed (some over-lapping) (S-4)

  4. Antarctica: National Claims Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

  5. Defining states: --Korea: 1 or 2 states? controlled by Japan till 1945 (WWII) then split by US & Soviets (38th N. parallel) (1nat./2 states) --’50: N. invaded S.; Korean War…both want unification China/Taiwan: 1 or 2? 1940’s: Comm. Rebel & drive Nationalists to Taiwan…who said were still “real” gov’t of China…comm. said they were, but both said all 1 China -1999 Taiwan said is separate state…Com-Chi still no -US had supported Nationalists, but in ’71 said recogn. Com-Chi as “real” gov’t in the UN (R. Nixon) --Western Sahara is same type situation # 5) REVIEW list on p. 250 of 189 “sovereign states of UN” Use atlas: Relative location OR absolute? Tell which it is

  6. Varying Sizes: Russia = lrgst, 17.1 mill. Sq km/6.6 mil sq mi Microstates: smallest Monaco = 1.5 sq km/.6 sq mi list: 251 Development of State Concept: ancient vs. modern idea: Ancient: idea of statesbegan in Mid-East in Fertile Cresc. -1st states = city-states: town + surrounding countryside = for gov’t & defense (like GWD city + GWD county) -Then 1 gains power, takes over another…then = empire EX: Succession of emp. in Mesopotamia.: Sumarians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians -then Egyptian Empire in S. area (3000 BCE- 4th cent. BCE) at far W. end of Fertile Crescent, along the Nile River (for almost 2500 yrs!) 5000 yrs ago Early European states:height of political unity (in ancient world) = Roman Empire Included Europe: from Spain to Iran & Egypt to England -38 provinces, all used Rom. law, giving concept of gov’t. -fell in 5th (400’s) CE from attacks from “barbarians” & also from internal problems/disputes

  7. Fertile Crescent: Site of early city-states & a succession of ancient empires (Mesopotamia, Assyria, Babylonia, etc.).

  8. In Europe former Rome-controlled areas began to form under dukes, earls, barons, etc.; gained strength & about 1100, began to form larger areas that became Fr., Engl., & Spain -later led to idea of nation-states, (like Denmark) --Germ. & Ital. stayed in pieces & did not form unified country until 19th century… Colonies: area legally tied to another sov. state; not independence Colonialism: technically is taking over uninhabited or sparsely inhabited lands

  9. European colonialism: Was based on 3 main reasons(God, gold, glory): 1) Missionaries were used to promote Christianity & give justification for taking over (p. 252) (God) 2) Gain resources to help European “mother” country (gold) 3) # colonies related to how powerful you were (glory) -began in 1400’s in W. Hemisphere & then later in Afr. & Asia “Imperialism”, or empire building: taking over widely inhabited land by another country

  10. After 1500’s UK put together largest empire: QUOTE: “Sun never sets on British Empire.” What does this mean? With breakaway of USA, began to lose places… though they took others in Africa & Asia after USA formed -Eur. had large areas of colonies there, but also islands Difference betwn. Fr. & Brit. Way of controlling colonies: -Fr. tried to make colonials = French, but Brits allowed them to keep more diversity…their old ways

  11. End of Euro. Imperialism: African & Asian colonies broke away after WWII…began in late 1940’s, lots during 1950’s thru 60’s When U.N. established in 1948, then were only 15 African/Asian countries…now 105 (2000) Most colonies today = islands in Pacific or Caribbean Most populous colony today = Puerto Rico (USA) Least populous: Pitcairn Isl., S. Pacific. The pop. there came from British ship The Bounty’smutineers who settled (Mutiny on the Bounty)

  12. Colonial Possessions 1914:By the outbreak of WWI, European states held colonies thru the world, espec. in Africa & in much of Asia.

  13. Colonial Possessions, 2003 (p. 254-5 = 2000) Most remaining colonies are small islands in Pacific or Caribbean

  14. K-2 Why boundaries Cause problems: Boundaries: invisible line marking extent of state territory Used to be that almost all boundaries were frontiers, with few if any inhabitants, but now most all land is claimed & defined. Only Antarctica & parts of the Arabian Peninsula are now true frontiers 2 ways to define (determine) boundaries: 1) types of Physicalfeatures (3 of these): water (rivers + seas) deserts mountains 2) Cultural features (4 types) to determine: *language *religion *ethnicities & *geometric (often latitude & longitude lines) Both physical & cultural can = conflict w/ neighbors

  15. After WWI (1919),Treaty of Versailles used “language” as the #1 way to determine boundaries of new states & to adjust borders of existing states: US/Mex: Uses which aspects to determine border?

  16. 5 basic SHAPES of states: Compact prorupted elongated fragmented perforated 1. Compact: efficient; ideal = shaped like circle…or close -good for small 1’s b/c communication, esp. if capital in center 2. Prorupted: most compact + large projecting extens. (often for water) --also can do to avoid borders (Afgh. w/ Russia?) 3. Elongated: isolation? EX: Chile; problems w/ communic. --cap. usually at center, so end, not easily accessible to it 4. Fragmented: broken up by water, other states, etc --EX: Indonesia; E/W Pakistan? -problems = communication, integration of pop.; also sometimes "pieces" didn't come in voluntarily -EX: E. Timor…got indep.('75); Indon. invades; still fight 5. Perforated: EX: S. Afr.: Lesotho in middle, surrounded by S. Afr….depends on SA for imports/exports by ship Next slide: ID each of the shapes for the states shown 

  17. Chile, Poland, Indonesia, S. Africa: Can it be 2+?

  18. Italy, France, Thailand, Japan (See the dominant shape)

  19. Landlocked:again, Lesotho; (also Uruguay)Africa has most of any continent w/ 14/54 landlocked These have no seaports -Comes from colonial era…had others on coast could ship to by rail Now it’s problem for the local econ. ...When landlocked AND have hostile ethnic group(s) in betw. sea & borders = Major problem for international trade

  20. African States Southern, central, & eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented & perforated.

  21. India: The Tin Bigha Corridorfragmented 2 sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

  22. Frontiers in the Arabian Peninsula:Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.

  23. Aozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary The straight boundary between Libya & Chad was drawn by European powers, & the Aozou Strip is the subject of controversy between the 2 countries.

  24. WHY BOUNDARIES CAUSE PROBLEMS (p. 261) State w/ many nationalities:(262) Cyprus: 2 nationalities After WWI, divided by lang. into Greek/Turk areas more Gks. there, but closer to Turkey; then Britain gained it Gave indep. In 1960; Gks/Tur shared govt…til ’74 some Gks tried to take it for Greece, then Turkey invaded to protect from Turks Groups used to associate w/ each other & mingle, but now isolated at ends, w/ buffer in middle w/ UN soldiers (Gk. Cypriots & Turkish Cypriots) Turks declared indep., but no one recognizes this except them

  25. Division of Cyprus Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Green & Turkish portions since 1974.

  26. Former USSR: (262) Largest multi-national state: former members now = 15 new indep. states, in 5 groups 1- Baltic States (3-on Baltic Sea): Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 2-European (3): Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (in Ukr. some problems w/ Crimean Peninsula’s pop.) 3-Central Asian (5): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, & Uzbekistan 4-Caucasus (Cauc. Mtns., Eurasian border--3): Azerbaijan, Armenia, & Georgia -Azeris: pop. = 90% of Azerb.…but 6 mill. live in Iran -Armenia = Christian enclave; historically slaughtered by Muslim Turks; after USSR, became Armenia again --90% of country = Armenians; fight w/ Azeris over border lands in which both nationalities exist--Georgia: more diverse than Azer. & Arme. = problems 5-Russia: now largest multi-natl. state; recognize 39 natls. -1 of these is Chechnya …these = Sunni Muslims w/ distinct culture; Russ. says if it goes, others will also

  27. Notes on enclave & exclave (see next slide): These are not in your book…but have appeared on AP’s… 1) enclave: an area surrounded by an area that does not rule (control, ID w/ ) it. EX’s: Vatican City; Lesotho; Gambia (actually a penne-enclave b/c it has a small outlet to the sea): 2) exclaves: parts of a national territory separated from the main body of the country EX’s: Alaska; Kaliningrad (part of Russia but on Baltic Sea); former E. Pakistan, separated from W. Pakistan --is a kind of fragmentation

  28. Exclaves: *Russia’s Kalingrad on Baltic *Old E & W Pakistan

  29. Enclaves (Gambia = penne [quill feather] enclave – elongated & open to sea) Lesotho in S. Afr.

  30. Eastern Europe “satellites” (controlled by USSR) & Former USSR (another needed term!!!)

  31. KNOW these!! Stateless Nations: Nation: Part of which state? Region/Location Scotland Tibet Kurdistan Basque Catalonia Kashmir N. Ireland (aka Ulster) Palestine Western Sahara Taiwan Greenland Sicily Maori Puerto Rico Hawaii

  32. Some have 1 nationality in more than 1 state:266Kurds: Sunni Muslims; in 1920’s became nation-state -now 25 mill. split among 6 countries: Turkey (15), Iran (5), Iraq (4), & less in Azerbai. Armenia, & Syria --Kurds are a “stateless nation” --Turks don’t allow their lang. or culture; other prob. also Pan-Arab Nation: 1 nation, many states; lang. & relig. same for about 24 countries: Islam & Arabic -main reason split up is Euro. colonialism & Ottoman rule --except for Israel, are well-united, but wealth not equal b/c some have oil (petroleum), others don’t -p. 267: What happened from 1980-1991 that ended unity?

  33. Kurdish nation … & the “Pan-Arab” nation

  34. Kurdish distribution: Label ALL & indicate areas by color

  35. Unitary vs. Federal: Internal organization of states Unitary state: power in hands of 1 central govt. -unitary usually best for country w/ single nationality, like Europeans -but many w/ multi-national use unitary to force 1 nation’s culture, lang., etc., onto another EX: USSR & Chinese Comm., to promote communist ideas Also--several African nations w/ many divided ethnicities & 1 dominates Characteristics that work for Unitary system: --smaller size, good central or accessible location for capital (for good communication); --nation-states w/ few cultural differences, strong national unity (like many of European states)

  36. Federal system: Gov’t in which a written constitution divides the powers of gov’t between a central (national) gov’t & several regional governments, usually called states or provinces. --local units of govt. are stronger than in unitary system –works well for larger countries that may have long distance for some to capital (US, Can., India) Also when have several nationalities, local control helps keep peace with the less influential grps. EX: Even though small, Belgium is Fed. b/c of its 2 nationalities (??) --many now movingtoward federal from unitary, like France & Poland -France’s change is going fine, but E. Europeans, like Poland, tend to have more trouble w/ changes

  37. Unitary vs. Federal states (countries)Blue = Unitary Green = Federal

  38. Heartland vs.RimlandTheory of Geopolitics:  Basically stated: - Whoever rules Eastern Europe commands the heartland. - Whoever rules the heartland commands the World Island(Eurasia and Africa) - Whoever rules the World Island commands the World.

  39. Heartland (H. MacKinder) vs. Rimland (N. Spykman) Theory of Geopolitics: 1904, Halford Mackinder published a theory RE: political strength in Eurasia…analyzed the strengths & weaknesses of the regions Concluded the Russian Core & areas east of the core had potential to become a world power. 1919: revised his theory to include E. Europe & the theory became known as Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Basically stated: - Who rules East Europe commands the heartland. - Who rules heartland commands the World Island (Eurasia & Africa) - Who rules the World Island commands the World. 1942, Nicholas Spykman: countered Mackinder's Heartland Theory. Spykman stated that Eurasia's Rimland, the coastal areas or buffer zone, is the key to controlling the World Island, not the heartland. Spykman's book, "America's Strategy in World Politics" was published during World War II dealt w/ political & military strength of the USA at that time. Today we look at the Rimland in terms of its economic strength & potential, but the book dealt w/ primarily military intervention, control & conquest of the Old World.

  40. ODD shapes:Gerrymandering: FL & GAGerrymandering: designing borders to maximize political influence State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida & Democrats in Georgia.

  41. K-3: Why States Cooperate w/ each other States The UN (p. 274): began '45 w/ 49…now has 192 (191); job = peace -- Taiwan only populous w/o membership…Taiwan pulled out when China in in 1971 -recently tried to join as Taiwan or Repub. of Ch., but Commun. China (People’s Rep. of Ch.) --Switzerland finally joined 2002… --all countries supposed to contribute military support UN had rapid growth 3 times: 1) '55 (16): many former German controlled Euro. nations 2) '60: (17): most former Euro. colonies 3) -'90-93 (26): most former Comm. controlled countries US tried to start League of Nations (Wilson, 1919) after WWI, but US would not join --then Germany, Italy, Sov. Union, & Japan pulled out in '30's, & League fell apart

  42. UN Security Council: 5 permanent members: USA USSR (now Russia) France China UK These 5 have veto power & often used to keep UN out of situations they were in EX: South & North Korea in ‘50's: Soviets (USSR) walked out Often UN tries to keep control over warring ethnic groups in places like Somalia, Bosnia Tried to be neutral in Bosnia, but couldn't b/c of Serbs’ (Christian & stronger) treatment of Muslims’ weaker group 15 total: 5 permanent members + 2 other sets of 5, in 2 yr. terms 

  43. Regional military organ. (p. 270): B4 Cold War in '40's-70's, were always more than 2 Superpowers …but after WW II, US & USSR came out as only 2 b/c others were hit hard economically These 2 superpowers joined military alliances to keep balance of power …so you were either "for" US or for USSR (p. 270) Others became allies or satellites, & could cause trouble

  44. Military cooperation in Euro: Most of Europe joined NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) after WWII --military coop betwn. 16 democratic states: US, Canada, & 14 Europ (Fr. & Sp. members but contrib. no troops)

  45. Warsaw Pact: 1955, Communist 7 member co-op group -’68 Czech. leader wanted reforms; Warsaw Pact invaded -NATO was to keep USSR’s Warsaw P. straight & vice-versa When USSR busted, less need…Warsaw broke up NATO troops were reduced Some former Warsaw Pact countries join NATO by 1997

  46. OAS: 35 states in W. Hemisphere: Cuba was a member, but was thrown out in 1962 b/c of Castro

  47. The European Union & NATO Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

  48. European Boundary Changes 20th century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to 2003. Germany’s boundaries changed after each world war & the collapse of the USSR.

  49. Economic Coop (274).: EU (?): work toward econ. coop w/ Eur countries (1958) At 1st = Eur Econ Community, Common Mkt., & Eur. Commun. began w/ Belgium, Fr., W.Germ., Italy, Luxem., & Nether.; ’73 more…’81 more; ’86, ’95 3 EU capital cities: Strasbourg, Fr; Brussels, Belg.; Luxembourg Now have a European Parlia.; at 1st just helped w/ problems --Now have more free trade among nations --Use “Euro” as money in 11 countries COMECON (?):b4 end of USSR, communist countries had COMECONwhich promoted trade among those countries

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