Networking

1. Networking Feb. 6, 2008 by Larry Finger

2. Networking Hardware Glossary • RJ45 – Official name for 8-pin connector • Cat 5, 5E or 6 - Cable suitable for “high”-speed transmission (2 flavors – straight and crossover)‏ • Hub – multiple ports with all input relayed to all ports • Switch – Smarter than hub. It learns the port corresponding to a given computer and relays signals only to that port. • Router – interconnects between 2 networks. • Modem – Modulator/Demodulator – converts digital signal into form for transmission over long distances • NIC – Network Interface Card • AP – wireless Access Point

3. Networking Software Glossary (Part I)‏ • IP – Internet Protocol • CSMA/CD – Collision Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection • TCP – Transmission Control Protocol • UDP – User Datagram Protocol • IPv4 – Original form of IP Address W.X.Y.Z ~4 billion • IPv6 – Enhanced form (little used) ~200 trillion • DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – means for a server to supply the IP address for a computer • DNS – Domain Name Service – Names to IP Address conversion

4. Networking Software Glossary (Part II)‏ • Netmask – Indicates range of addresses allowed • Client/Server – Client initiates exchange, server responds • MAC – Media Access Control Address – hardware (physical) address of interface • LAN – Local Area Network • NAT – Network Address Translation – allows a LAN to share one IP Address • ISP – Internet Service Provider

5. Networking Network – Best setup for more than 2 computers – uses external router

6. Networking On each computer connected to the router, run the Network Setup Wizard

7. Networking The Wizard

8. Networking Wizard Step 1

9. Networking Connection method

10. Networking Computer description

11. Networking Set your workgroup name

12. Networking Do you want to share printers or disk?

13. Networking A summary to check your answers

14. Networking The Wizard does its thing.

15. Networking The Wizard offers to make a Network Setup Disk

16. Networking Finish the Wizard

17. Networking A reboot is the final step

18. Networking Network for only 2 computers without external router – not recommended

19. Networking a

20. Networking a

21. Networking Information may also be gotten from Network Connections in Control Panel

22. Networking If you need to use a fixed IP Address

23. Networking To Share a Printer – Select Control Panel/Printers and Faxes

24. Networking • a

25. Networking File sharing – Creating a share – Right click on folder

26. Networking Creating a file share – step 2

27. Networking Browsing to a shared folder

28. Networking Assigning a shared folder to a new drive

29. Networking Assigning a shared folder to a new drive

30. Networking Diagnostic Tools • Link Bit – for wired connections • ipconfig - configuration • ping – test connectivity • nslookup – test DNS (domain nameserver)‏ • tracert – checks routing – each router returns the time to reach it

31. Networking To check your network, use Start/Run and enter “cmd” in the box

32. Networking In the “cmd” window, type ipconfig /all

33. Networking Output of “ping www.google.com” PING www.l.google.com (216.239.51.104) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from kc-in-f104.google.com (216.239.51.104): icmp_seq=1 ttl=241 time=161 ms 64 bytes from kc-in-f104.google.com (216.239.51.104): icmp_seq=2 ttl=241 time=164 ms 64 bytes from kc-in-f104.google.com (216.239.51.104): icmp_seq=3 ttl=241 time=147 ms 64 bytes from kc-in-f104.google.com (216.239.51.104): icmp_seq=4 ttl=241 time=156 ms --- www.l.google.com ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3008ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 147.358/157.279/164.044/6.407 ms

34. Networking Output of ping when it fails: PING www.l.google.com (216.239.51.99) 56(84) bytes of data. --- www.l.google.com ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 3004ms

35. Networking Output of “nslookup www.google.com” Server: 192.168.4.1 Address: 192.168.4.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: www.google.com canonical name = www.l.google.com. Name: www.l.google.com Address: 216.239.51.104 Name: www.l.google.com Address: 216.239.51.99

36. Networking Output of tracert (Part I) – Save this for later tracert www.google.com tracert to www.google.com (64.233.169.104), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 10.112.0.1 (10.112.0.1) 177.205 ms 184.276 ms 185.644 ms 2 gw1.iad1.fullmeshnetworks.com (38.119.98.193) 182.302 ms 183.300 ms 181.994 ms 3 fa0-2.na05.b003393-1.iad03.atlas.cogentco.com (38.112.9.129) 179.328 ms 183.148 ms 176.084 ms 4 gi8-43.3505.mpd01.iad03.atlas.cogentco.com (38.20.33.225) 174.955 ms 167.986 ms 186.439 ms 5 vl3489.mpd01.dca02.atlas.cogentco.com (154.54.7.93) 198.836 ms 199.103 ms 198.833 ms

37. Networking tracert output (Part II)‏ 6 te1-2.ccr02.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com (154.54.7.158) 199.933 ms te8-2.ccr02.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com (154.54.2.50) 208.862 ms 241.249 ms 7 google.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com (154.54.10.146) 131.430 ms google.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com (154.54.13.206) 131.893 ms google.iad01.atlas.cogentco.com (154.54.10.146) 141.629 ms 8 209.85.130.12 (209.85.130.12) 151.897 ms 209.85.130.16 (209.85.130.16) 197.819 ms * 9 * 64.233.175.109 (64.233.175.109) 396.917 ms 396.506 ms 10 72.14.232.25 (72.14.232.25) 420.351 ms 442.178 ms 72.14.232.21 (72.14.232.21) 447.649 ms 11 yo-in-f104.google.com (64.233.169.104) 440.918 ms 436.546 ms 437.290 ms

38. Networking Diagnostic Steps if accessing a particular site fails: • Check link light if you have a wired connection • Ping your default gateway – if this fails, your local network is faulty. • Check your IP address – if 169.X.X.X, DHCP is failing. • Do an nslookup for the site that is failing – if this fails, your ISP's name server is failing, or you have an external connectivity problem • If step 4 fails, ping 216.239.51.104. If 4 works, ping site by name. • If 5 works and 4 fails, your ISP has a name server problem. • If both 4 and 5 fail, the network is failing – use the tracert output and ping each step.