AP BIOLOGY GENETICS Review

1. AP BIOLOGYGENETICS Review Kelly RiedellBrookings Biology

2. Animation from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/domov.gif The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate resulting in cells with missing or extra chromosomes is called _________________ Name a genetic disorder you learned about that results from this mistake during meiosis. NON-DISJUNCTION Down syndrome (trisomy 21) Turner syndrome (XO) Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) 3.A.3..c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes,such as nondisjunction.

3. This organized picture of an individual’s chromosomes is called a __________________ karyotype The person shown above is a male female Female There are 2 X chromosomes and no Y chromosome. Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannotbe explained by simple Mendelian genetics. b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:       •  In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.

4. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072485949/student_view0/chapter3/interactive_activity.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072485949/student_view0/chapter3/interactive_activity.html Could this trait be inherited as X-LINKED RECESSIVE? Fill in the genotypes for A, B, C, and D Can’t be XLINKEDRECESSIVE XdXd XD Y XDY XdXd Xd Xd XD X? 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.16The student is able to explain how the inheritancepatterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendeliangenetics. [SeeSP 6.3] LO 3.17The student is able to describe representations of anappropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot beexplained by Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits.SeeSP 1.2]

5. Image from: http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/zooweb/Phelps/ZWK99010k.jpeg Male There is one X and 1 Ysex chromosome. The person shown in this karyotype is male female Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannotbe explained by simple Mendelian genetics. b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:       •  In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.

6. Hemophilia, colorblindness, Duchenne Muscular dystrophy Name an X-linked genetic disorder. These genetic disorders show upA. in equal frequencies in males & femalesB. more frequently in females than males C. more frequently in males than females 3.A.4:.1. b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:•Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans).•In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.

7. GREATER Genes that are farther apart on a chromosome show a ___________crossover frequency than those that arecloser together. SMALLER GREATER 3.A.3.b.2 Genes that are adjacent and close to each other on the same chromosome tend to move as a unit; the probability that they will segregate as a unit is a function of the distance between them.

8. A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for normal bristlesand red eyes) is mated with a spineless bristle fly with sepia eyes. OFFSPRING: 648- normal bristles/red eyes681- spineless bristles/sepia eyes72- normal bristles/sepia eyes83- spineless bristles/red-eyes What is the recombination frequency between these genes? Recombinants = Total155 = 10.4%1484 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

9. Males only have one X chromosome (XY)If males inherit an X with a mutation they will show the trait.Females have 2 X’s. If they inherit an X with a mutation they have a “back up” normal X; Females need to inherit TWO mutated X chromosomes to show the trait Explain WHY X-linked genetic disorders show up more frequently in males than females. 3.A.4:.1. b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:•Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans).•In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.

10. lImage from: es.ubacbcbio54mercedes.webnode.com.ar/system_preview_detail_200000082-a01c2a115a-public/hemophilia_pedigree_royal-01.png Hemophilia Name the genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for blood clotting proteins __________ which is found in a pedigree of the royal families of Europe This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive X-LINKED RECESSIVE LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits. [See SP 1.2]

11. COLOR BLINDNESS Name the genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that codes proteins receptors in the eye that detect color This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive X-LINKED RECESSIVE LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits. [See SP 1.2]

12. Name the genetic disorder caused by a mutation resulting in progressive muscle degeneration and weakness and early death. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive X-LINKED RECESSIVE 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

13. Name the lysosomal storage disorder in which the lipids build up in the brain causing blindness, mental retardation, and early death that is more common in people of Jewish & Middle Eastern descent TAY-SACHS This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

14. Name the genetic disorder in which the amino acid phenylalanine is not broken down and caused by and builds up in the brain causing mental retardation. PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

15. CYSTIC FIBROSIS Name the genetic disorder caused by a faulty chloride transporter which results in sticky mucous to building up in lungs and digestive organs. This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

16. HUNTINGTON’S Name the genetic disorder caused multiple CAG repeats which results in progressive brain deterioration starting in middle age. This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

17. Image from: https://geneticdisordersproject.wikispaces.com/file/view/Family_Roloff.jpg/33526623/285x429/Family_Roloff.jpg Name the genetic disorder in which growth plates in arms and legs fuse too early resulting in short stature and bone malformations ACHONDROPLASIA This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

18. Name the genetic disorder resulting from three #21 chromosomes characterized by in small stature, upward slant to eyes, and mild to moderate cognitive delays This extra chromosome is the result of which mistake during meiosis? DOWN SYNDROME/trisomy 21 NON-DISJUNCTION 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.  3.C.1.2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down                            syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2,  3.A.3]

19. Name the genetic disorder seen in males who inherit an extra X chromosome (XXY) resulting in delayed puberty, breast enlargement, reduced facial and body hair, and infertility  This extra chromosome is the result of which mistake during meiosis? KLINEFELTER SYNDROME NON-DISJUNCTION 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:       •  Klinefelter's syndrome  3.C.1.2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down                            syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2,  3.A.3]

20. Name the genetic disorder seen in females who are missing one of their X chromosomes (XO) resulting in short stature, webbed neck, infertility, and learning difficulties. This missing chromosome is the result of which mistake during meiosis? TURNER SYNDROME NON-DISJUNCTION 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.  3.C.1.2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down                            syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2,  3.A.3]

21. carrier A person who has a copy of the gene for a recessive disorder but doesn’t show any signs of the sickness is called a ____________ Which of the following is/are true? Only males can be carriers for X-linked recessive traits Only females can be carriers for X-linked recessive traits Both males and females can be carriers for X-linked recessive traits LO 3.15The student is able to explain deviations from Mendel'smodel of the inheritance of traits. [SeeSP 6.5] LO 3.16The student is able to explain how the inheritancepatterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendeliangenetics. [SeeSP 6.3]

22. Which of the following is/are true? Only males can be carriers for autosomal recessive traits Only females can be carriers for autosomal recessive traits Both males and females can be carriers for autosomal recessive traits LO 3.15The student is able to explain deviations from Mendel'smodel of the inheritance of traits. [SeeSP 6.5] LO 3.16The student is able to explain how the inheritancepatterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendeliangenetics. [SeeSP 6.3]

23. Genetic disorder in which the DNA code for hemoglobin is changed. Red blood cells with the damaged hemoglobin protein can change into a sickle shape and clog up the blood vessels. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA This disorder is inherited as a(n)__________ ___________ trait.Autosomal X-linked Dominant Recessive Codominant AUTOSOMAL CODOMINANT 3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.    To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

24. Polygenic A trait that is controlled by several genes (like skin color or height) is called ______________ A trait in which there are three or more choices for a single gene (like A, B, and O blood type) is a called a_____________________ trait. polygenic multiple allele MULTIPLE ALLELE Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannotbe explained by simple Mendelian genetics. a. Many traits are the product of multiple genes and/or physiologicalprocesses.

25. Which individual(s) shows the genetic trait? Which individual(s) is/are male?Which individual(s) is/are female?Which individual(s) is/are carriersfor the trait? A B A C A B and C C 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.

26. pedigree This diagram shows a ________________ Karyotype Pedigree Punnett square X-linked traits _______________ • Only show up in females • Show up more frequently in males • can be heterozygous in males • only pass from mothers to daughters 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.16The student is able to explain how the inheritancepatterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendeliangenetics. [SeeSP 6.3] LO 3.17The student is able to describe representations of anappropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot beexplained by Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits.SeeSP 1.2]

27. Sickle cell anemia is a disorder which shows heterozygote advantage. Individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele and who live in certain environments are resistant to which other deadly disease? MALARIA 3.C.1.A.1 DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral based onthe effect or the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein and the phenotypes that are conferred by theprotein.      Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of thefollowing:1. Whether or not a mutation is detrimental, beneficial or neutral depends on the environmental context.

28. African Americans Sickle cell anemia is more common in ____________________ Males females African Americans Caucasians Caucasians Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________ Males females African Americans Caucasians

29. Mistakes in replication (copy errors) Mistakes in DNA repairMistakes in meiosis (crossing over errors, nondisjunction) Mutagens in environment (Chemicals like cigarette smoke or radiation) IDENTIFY SOME OF THE CAUSES OF GENETIC MUTATIONS  3.C.3. b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random  changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA. 

30. Which of the following is NOT visiblein a karyotype ? Sex of baby Missing or extra chromosomesa point mutation How is a karyotype different from a pedigree? Karyotype shows the chromosomes from an individualPedigree shows how a trait is passed in families over many generations

31. Name 3 disorders that are: Autosomal recessiveX linked recessive _______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ Phenylketonuria (PKU) Tay-Sach’s Cystic fibrosis Hemophilia Colorblindness Muscular dystrophy (DMD) Name 3 disorders that is caused by nondisjunction: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Down syndrome Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome 3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.

32. Name disorders that are: Autosomal Dominant ________________ ________________ Huntington’s Achondroplasia Autosomal Codominant ___________________ Sickle cell anemia 3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as  nondisjunction.        To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:                 •  Sickle cell anemia                  •  Tay-Sachs disease                   •  Huntington's disease                   •  X-linked color blindness                   •  Trisomy 21/Down syndrome                   •  Klinefelter's syndrome

33. African Americans Sickle cell anemia is more common in ____________________ Males females African Americans Caucasians Caucasians Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________ Males females African Americans Caucasians LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring. [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

34. Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1 Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE trait? 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [SeeSP 1.1, 7.2]

35. Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1 Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE trait? Aa aa aa a a Aa aa aa A a A a aa aa aa aa YES IT IS POSSIBLE 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [SeeSP 1.1, 7.2]

36. MAKE A PREDICTION about the mode of inheritance for the following trait and PROVIDE EVIDENCE for your answer. Female wild type flies are crossed with purple eyed males. Offspring are shown below Purple eyes is an autosomal recessiveOnly wild type flies appear in F1 generation/no purple eyed fliesPurple eyed trait returns in 3:1 ratio in F2 generationClassic Mendelian ratio 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

37. Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. If a man and a woman, both with normal vision, marry and have a colorblind son, draw the Punnett square that illustrates this. To have a color blind son, mom must be a carrier.Dads give Y’s to sons somutant allele must come from mom Boys with X-linked recessive traits inherit them from their mothers XC Y XC Xc XCXC XCY XCXcXcY 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [LO 3.14The student is able to apply mathematical routines todetermine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by datasets. [SeeSP 2.2]

38. Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol. Aa Aa Aa or AA aa Is it possible that this pedigree is for an autosomal recessive trait? YES 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

39. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RrYy ________________________ rY Ry RY ry What process seen in meiosis results in the genetic variation in the gametes produced in the above diagram? INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [SeeSP 1.1, 7.2]]

40. Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Make a cross between a colorblind male and a female with a normal vision whose father was not color blind.SHOW the GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE frequencies of all offspring Xc Y XC XC XCXc XCY XCXc XCY 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. LO 3.14The student is able to apply mathematical routines todetermine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by datasets. [SeeSP 2.2]

41. ½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/8 IF PARENT GENOME : AaBbCcDD What is the probability of producing a gamete with this gene combination? abcD ________________________ Abcd ________________________ ½ X ½ X ½ X 0 = 0 IF PARENT GENOME : AaBbCcDd What is the probability of producing a gamete with this gene combination? ABcd ________________________ aBCD ________________________ ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/16 ½ X 1 X ½ X ½ = 1/8 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [SeeSP 1.1, 7.2]

42. DD Dd In dogs hereditary deafness is caused by a recessive gene (d). A kennel owner has a hearing male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. She would like to avoid having deaf puppies.What are the possible genotypes of this male dog? ______ ______ A testcross would use a female dog with this genotype _____ to try and determine if this male dog should be used for breeding. A testcross is done and a litter of puppies is born that includes the following: 5 hearing puppies and 2 deaf puppies What can you conclude about the male dog’s unknown genotype? dd Male dog is Dd since offspring includes deaf puppiesDD dogs can’t produce deaf puppies 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

43. Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1 Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT trait? 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [SeeSP 1.1, 7.2]

44. Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1 Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT trait? AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT IMPOSSIBLE aa Aa Aa A a aa Aa Aa a a a a Aa Aa Aa Aa This individual has trait but neither of her parents show it 3.A.3.b.3. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [SeeSP 1.1, 7.2]

45. What is the probability? AaBbCcDd X AaBbCcDd parents What is the probability of producing a offspring with this gene combination? AABbCcDd _____________________________ AaBBccdd______________________________ AaBbCcDd_______________________________ ¼ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/32 ½ X ¼ X ¼ X ¼ = 1/128 ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ =1/16 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

46. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. What is the chance that two carriers will have a child with cystic fibrosis? F f 25% of offspring will have CF F f FF Ff Ff ff #.A.3.b.3. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.12The student is able to construct a representation thatconnects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parentto offspring. [ SeeSP 1.1, 7.2] LO 3.14The student is able to apply mathematical routines todetermine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by datasets. [SeeSP 2.2]

47. What is the probability? AaBbCcDD parent genome What is the probability of producing a gamete with this gene combination? abcD _____________________________ abcd ______________________________ AbcD ______________________________ ½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/8 ½ X ½ X ½ X 0 = 0 ½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/8 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

48. One classic example NON-MENDELIAN genetics is that in many flowering plants such as roses, snapdragons, and hibiscus, there is a gene for flower color with two alleles: red and white. However, in that case, white is not merely the absence of red, but that allele actually codes for, “make white pigment.” Thus the flowers on a plant that is heterozygous have two sets of instructions: “make red,” and “make white,” with the result that the flowers turn out mid-way in between; they’re pink.  This type of dominance is called ________________________ INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.

49. DD Dd In dogs hereditary deafness is caused by a recessive gene (d). A kennel owner has a hearing male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. She would like to avoid having deaf puppies.What are the possible genotypes of this male dog? ______ ______ A testcross would use a female dog with this genotype _____ to try and determine if this male dog should be used for breeding. A testcross is done and a litter of puppies is born that includes the following: 5 hearing puppies What can you conclude about the male dog’s unknown genotype? dd Still unknown; Both DD and Dd dogs can producehearing puppiesDo another test cross 3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes. LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]

50. Image from: http://antiagingpress.org/help-my-hair-is-thinning-part-two.html/ An example NON-MENDELIAN genetics is that the expression of certain traits is dependent on the organism’s sex. The same gene can produce different phenotypes in males vs females. EX: Male pattern baldnessOR milk production in females This type of inheritance is called ________________________ SEX LIMITED 3.A.4:The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. b. Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and                        pattern baldness in males.