THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD H. M. FAHMY Taken Partially from the net

9. Research Question: The research question is the single most important part of the scientific method. Every part of your project is done to answer this question. The research question is sometimes formed as a statement and is called the "Problem" or "Problem Statement."

10. Hypothesis: The hypothesis is an "educated guess," formed as a statement, that you propose to be the answer to the research question. An educated guess is based on some prior knowledge.

11. Experimental Design: Plan an experiment in which you can test your hypothesis.

12. Observation: When you interact with your experiment, you are using your senses to observe. Does it have a smell, make a noise have color, etc.? • Collect Data: As you observe your experiment, you will need to record the progress of your experiment. Data can be whatever you observe about your experiment that may or may not change during the time of the experimentation. Examples of data are values in pH, temperature, a measurement of growth, color, distance, etc.

13. Data: The data are the values written down as the experiment progresses.

14. Charts & Graphs: When at all possible, illustrations of data are advisable. They create a professional appearance and convey a great deal of information. Examples include: Bar Graph, Pie Chart, X & Y axis Graph, Histogram, etc.

15. Journal: All scientists keep a record of their observations in some form of a journal. The journal will begin with the date and time the experimenter collects the data. Sometimes data will include environmental values such as humidity, temperature, etc. Entries must be written clearly and with detail of description so that another scientist can read the journal, simulate the conditions of the experiment, and repeat the experiment exactly.

16. Conclusion: The conclusion is a summary of the research and the results of the experiment. This is where you answer your research question. You make a statement of whether your data supported your hypothesis or not. You may have data that supported part of your hypothesis and not another part. You may also have data that did not support your hypothesis at all. In this case, you may explain why the results were different.

17. THE REPORT • H M FAHMY

18. Report Concept • Report types • Report • Managerial report • Arts report • Scientific report • Oral communication • Written communication • Verbal communication • Non written communication • Communication

19. Elements of Communication in Reports • Diversity of report according to the target and reader. • The report is the media of communication between both writer and reader. • The use of an adequate language in a report by the writer. • The report should always meaningful and deals with a defined problem.

20. Schematic and • Statistic • Presentation • Descriptive • Expression • Symbolic • Expression • Transfer of Report Through the Visual Channel • Report Writer • Subject of Report • Report Reader • Modification of • Report and • Re-writing • Feedback of Reader ( Show the degree of understanding of reader to the subject )

21. WriterReport • “ Sender ” • ReaderReport • ” Receptor” • Language and the right • to pick up a word that • give one meaning. • Should be easy to • follow. • Concise ( abridged) • short and to the point. • Target should be • very clear. • Vocabulary well applied • rules, no language • mistakes good editing • Use bullets, short • sentences. Word • should be understandable. • The sender or writer • should have a wide • knowledge about • subject • The receptor “ Reader” • should have a degree of • knowledge about the • subject and understands • the bases of the • communication. • The report should • contain signs , • diagram charts , • notation and statistical • figures and should be • understandable by • both the reader and • the writer. • It is the response of • the reader of the • report from which the • writer senses the • impacts of his report • on this specific reader. • Feedback • Impact • Factors Affecting the Communication • Effectiveness of a Report • Report Content

22. IMPORTANCE OF A REPORT -The report will help the "management" to identify how to have an oversight on the premises status it is regarded as an important tool of control and follow-up -it also helps management evaluation of the magnitude of achievements. -To identify deficiencies and weaknesses. -Helps management to plan objectively. -Helps to connect work of the institution with the external business -Helps to connect business and the activities within the institution or within the branches of the institution.

23. The Report is a Form of Communication in Either Horizontal or Vertical Levels • It facilitates the flow of plans – decisions – instructions from management levels to executive level. • it facilitates the flow of new ideas – proposals – complaints – implementation rates from lower levels to higher ones. • It ease the coordination between different departments in a premises. • A report should help in the transfer of suggestions derived of consultation units in a certain department to the executive management system.

24. Are Reports from Different Management Levels similar ? • Report Movement • Quaternary • Type of Report • ExplanativeExceptionalDemonstrative • G.M • Top management • Monthly • Middle management • Concise to point • Weekly • Executive managers • Semi-detailed reports • Daily • Executive management • Detailed reports • Schematic Representation Showing the Relation Between Managerial Levels and Reports

25. Classification • according to • managerial • Posts. • Reports are Derived According to the Field • of Action as Follows • Trend Reports. • ٌReconnaissance Report. • Reports on Conclusion. • Explanatory Reports • (classification reports ). • Classification • according to • direction. • Classification • according to • duration. • Classification • according • to target. • Types of Reports • Planning • Reports. • Regularity • Reports. • Orientation • Reports. • Control • Reports. • Internal • Reports. • External • Reports. • Periodic Reports. • Special Reports. • Exclusive Reports.

26. Important • Types of Reports • Salaries. • Average Salaries. • Relation Between Actual Work • Hours and Expenses. • Statistical Studies on the • Satisfaction Factors • of Employees. • Employment • Reports • Classification According to • Miscellaneous Activities • Reports of Purchase • And Storage • Periodic. • Sales Billing. • Daily Work Program. • Old customer. • New Customer. • Purchase Order. • Periodic Reports on • Purchasing. • Reports on Expenses. • Reports on SalesExpenses • Marketing Reports • Finance Reports • Scientific Reports Related • the Masters and Philosophy Doctorates

27. The definition of scientific research 1-Careful examination of the information or the discovery of new relationships and the growth of current knowledge and verified. 2-It is the attempt to find solutions for to the problems that affect and worry the human being and the society. 3-The collection, recording and analysis of data and information and facts about a particular problem and identifying alternative solutions and to selection of the best solution in light of surrounding circumstances. 4-The definition of scientific research varies according to the types of research domains, and goals and the means and tools and therefore it is preferable not to worry in finding or deducing definitions but one should confine itself on the quality of research and new characteristics.

28. TYPES OF RESEARCHES • AND CURRICULA • RESEARCHES • CLASSIFICATION

29. Combining • Registration • Analysis • Search for • reasons • and fact. • Selection of • Alternatives. • Assumptions , • hypotheses. • Modeling and • Testing. • Information • Problems • Facts • Data

30. The characteristics of scientific research • Accuracy • Objectivity • Forecasting • The possibility of proofing or verification of the validity of the results • The adequacy of controlling conditions and factors influencing variables in the search and results

31. The specifications and characteristics of scientific research • The exact diagnosis and the proper description of the situation or problem, then to deduce assumptions and hypotheses to overcome the problem. • The use of scientific methods to test the validity of these assumptions and find solutions to this problem. • To explanation and the justifications (rationale) of the solutions that have been reached to solve the problem using the logic of reason and without prejudice • To prove the validity of these justifications in reaching a solution and, if possible, to develop a model of the problem and to apply the results and examine their validity.

32. Accuracy • Research • subject. • Research • tools. • Research • data • Objectivity • Title of Research. • Research goals. • Results • accomplished • by the researcher. • Characteristics of • Scientific Research • Organization • Logical • ordering • modeling • Linguistic rules • Types of pages. • Choosing • expression. • Continuity • Scientific ethics : • ideas • Styles • Ethics ideas • References • Different • references • an resources

33. The advantages of the scientific method in the search 1-The prompt investigation behind the real causes of the events and phenomena. 2-The high accuracy in the collection of information from multiple reliable sources and not to rush into decision making without obtaining reliable and results of well identified sources. 3-Sufficiency of the evidences to reach decisions or the right solutions, using defined standards, and appropriate and substantive methods for the evaluation of the collected data. 4- Scientific research relies on the use of experimental tools , modern techniques and statistics for supporting the findings.

34. The researcher Chooses the Subject of its Research (problem) From • Its area of specialization. • The phenomena and problems of society. • Imagination. • Personal experience. • And also can identify five other major sources of the selection process : • Supervisors of the research-Reference in area study-The sense of the problem- Directed research from institutions.

35. 2 – Basis of Choice of Research Problem • Availability of facilities that are requested for the research. • Importance of the problem itself. • The extend of agreement of this problem with the tendencies of the researcher. • Considering of the time limits. • The possibility of obtaining approval for this particular research. • 3 – Characteristics of Research objectives • Ease. • Understandable. • Precise • Straight forward • Realistic and could be performed

36. 4 – Defining the previous study of research • Using the public and private libraries. • Scanning the previous research using computers (electronic survey) . • Scanning the different networks of information and the internet. • Revising the previous research lists in the department, college and within field of specialization. • Consulting some member of teaching staff that are working in the same field/ • When listing some previous research we should mention: • a) The name of the researcher. • b) Researcher problem. • c) Methodology of research. • d) Important results. • e) Year of publishing and editors of the research. • 5- The use of previous theories and models suitable for the research • Student should know the theory, models • 6- Specifying question and obligation of the research • 1- Simple 2- Understandable 3- Precise 4- Straight forward • 5- Realistic and could be performed

37. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

38. PLAN • Introduction of Research • Objectives of Research • Motivation of Research • Terminologies • Types of Research • Scientific methods of Problem solving / Research process • Criteria for good Research • Problems encountered by Researchers

39. INTRODUCTION What is meant by research? • “Search of knowledge” • “It is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on specific topic” • According to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), “A careful inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge” • Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

40. The definition of scientific research 1-Careful examination of the information or the discovery of new relationships and the growth of current knowledge and verified. 2-It is the attempt to find solutions for to the problems that affect and worry the human being and the society. 3-The collection, recording and analysis of data and information and facts about a particular problem and identifying alternative solutions and to selection of the best solution in light of surrounding circumstances. 4-The definition of scientific research varies according to the types of research domains, and goals and the means and tools and therefore it is preferable not to worry in finding or deducing definitions but one should confine itself on the quality of research and new characteristics.

41. Accuracy • Research • subject. • Research • tools. • Research • data • Characteristics of • Scientific Research • Objectivity • Title of Research. • Research goals. • Results • accomplished • by the researcher. • Organization • Logical • ordering • modeling • Linguistic rules • Types of pages. • Choosing • expression. • Continuity • Scientific ethics : • ideas • Styles • Ethics ideas • References • Different • references • an resources

42. The advantages of the scientific method in the search 1-The prompt investigation behind the real causes of the events and phenomena. 2-The high accuracy in the collection of information from multiple reliable sources and not to rush into decision making without obtaining reliable and results of well identified sources. 3-Sufficiency of the evidences to reach decisions or the right solutions, using defined standards, and appropriate and substantive methods for the evaluation of the collected data. 4- Scientific research relies on the use of experimental tools , modern techniques and statistics for supporting the findings.

43. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH • To gain familiarity with a phenomenon • To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group • To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else • To identify the causual relationship between variables

44. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH • Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits • Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems • Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work • Desire to be of service to society

45. SOME TERMINOLOGIES • Data: Measurement of records of facts made under specific conditions • Hypothesis: tentative assumption of the study or expected results of the study • Independent variable: The part of the experiment that the researcher is manipulating; also called experimental or treatment variable.

46. SOME TERMINOLOGIES • Dependent variable: The effect of the Independent variable • Population: A total number of subjects which they abide the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

47. HYPOTHESES • Usually takes the form of a number of variables. • Variables are characteristics of the chosen target to be studied, such as : • 1 - Students degree. • 2 – Students attendance. • 3 - Waiting time for the bus. • It used to indicate changes of social status or an identified social factor such as :" age, gender, income”. • The changing value of a variable is a phenomenon thatdiffers from ant individual to another and is a key element in the analysis of : • A-Causation. • B-Process measurement. • C-Research design.

48. VARIABLES • QUANTITATIVE • INDEPENDENT • QUALITATIVE • DEPENDENT

49. B • A • X • A • B • The independent variable was related to a phenomenon which is based on facts and evidence. • The dependent variable was the variable that affected occurs or disappears organ of the independent variable • The dependent variable • Independent variable • independent variables : • Example : the problem of divorce : • Incompatibility in social terms. • The difference in education. • Age difference. • Problems. • Dependent variables : • The housing problem. • The controversy over the children during the divorce and after the divorce. • The problem of maintenance. • Some of the views added a third type of variables and intermediate variables. • Examples: • 1 - Feeling concerned. • 2 -The degree of stress. • 3 - Mental illness.

50. Descriptive: • Hair color. • Address. • Social level. • Car’s color. • Nationality. • Qualitative • Quantitative • Continuous • Discrete • Variables • Defined by number : • Students grades. • General budget • Possibility of switching between qualitative and quantitative