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Do Now  Agenda:

Do Now  Agenda:. 2. 1. 3. Declaration of Independence P. 9-12. Do Now: Chapter 7 Fast Write (start Declaration if finish early). American Revolution Review. Homework: Tuesday: Essay 7 Announcements: Tutorial and Exams Office Hours Wednesday this week. Dear Britain….

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Do Now  Agenda:

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  1. Do Now  Agenda: 2 1 3 Declaration of Independence P. 9-12 Do Now: Chapter 7 Fast Write (start Declaration if finish early) American Revolution Review • Homework: • Tuesday: Essay 7 • Announcements: Tutorial and Exams • Office Hours Wednesday this week

  2. Dear Britain… I'm not sure how to start this letter but I feel we need to talk. I've been thinking about us a lot lately. Things used to be so great - it was like we were M.F.E.O. I mean everyone said it was perfect. I really thought we would be together forever but then things changed. I feel like you started to take me for granted. You just started to do whatever you wanted and never even asked me about anything or how I felt. I've been thinking about this for a while and I don't want to hurt you but I think it is time we broke up. I mean it's just not going to work. I need some time by myself to see what it is like on my own. I'm sorry things didn't work out but I do think YOU are the one to blame. Sorry but "US" is over. The American Colonies

  3. The First Continental CongressGoal: restore the colonies’ relationship with the Crown (in response to Mass. and Coercive Acts). Those Present: Measures Adopted: Suffolk Resolve Rejected the Intolerable Acts Prepared a military Boycotted British goods Declaration of Rights and Grievances Urged the King to restore rights Acknowledged Parliament’s authority to regulate commerce Association Created committees in each town to enforce the boycott • Radicals • Demanded great concessions from the King. • Moderates • Disagreed strongly with Britain, but wanted to come to a peaceful resolution. • Conservatives • Were in favor of making a mild statement of protest • Loyalists • Were not represented. King George’s response: “Massachusetts is in a state of rebellion.”

  4. Lexington & Concord British forces took the hill. 1,000 British died, so Americans claimed victory. The Battle of “Bunker Hill”

  5. The Second Continental Congress2 Camps: 1. Independence 2. Negotiation Measures adopted: 1.Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms • Colonies would provide troops  George Washington = Commander-in-Chief • Benedict Arnold was to raid Canada for support  Organized Navy & Marine Corps to attack British ships 2.Olive Branch Petition • Pledged Loyalty to the King • Asked for peace and colonial rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. • King George’s Response: • Rejected Olive Branch Petition • Declared the colonies to be “in rebellion” • Forbade shipping and trade with the colonies • Resolution: Declare independence. • Committee was formed. Common Sense by Thomas Paine The Continental Congress began to favor independence

  6. “Common Sense” • = political pamphlet by Thomas Paine • Called for independence from Britain • Senseless for a large continent to be ruled by a small, distant island. • Senseless to pledge allegiance to a corrupt, unreasonable king. • Paine opposed monarchy  favored republican government • Paine offered vigorous defense of republican principles • Helped colonists overcome the loyalty many still felt for Britain • Paine used biblical analogies/references to illustrate his arguments

  7. The Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • He listed grievances (complaints) with England. • Adopted July 4, 1776 • Authors used the philosophy of natural rights, derived from writings of John Locke • Appealed to the sympathies of the English people • Accused George III of tyranny • Did not call for the abolition of the slave trade  contradicted TJ’s statement of republican ideals

  8. Statistics: • 2.6 million colonists • 40% were Patriots • 20-30% were Loyalists • 30-40% were neutral or uninvolved The War =The American War for Independence=The American Revolution=The Revolutionary War Patriots 60,000 fought in the war. 520,000-780,000 total Majorities in NY, NJ, GA 80,000 moved to Canada after the war. Native Americans supported them (hoped they would limit western settlement). Loyalists = “tories” • Mostly in New England & Virginia (Soldiers didn’t want to leave the region.) • Fought for short periods • Short of supplies & equipment; rarely paid African Americans • Britain offered freedom to those who joined them in fighting; Washington matched the offer. • 5,000 African Americans fought as Patriots • Integrated and segregated units

  9. NY & PA[1777-1778] • Americans LOST NYC & Philadelphia. • Rough winter at Valley Forge (blockade, inflation, no supplies)

  10. The Battle of Saratoga • During 1st 18 months of war  Continental army = demoralized (lost NYC, Philly, and horrible winter at Valley Forge) • July 1777  General Burgoyne (Br) tried to isolate NE from Middle Atlantic colonies (cutting U.S. in two) • Americans led by Horatio Gates & Benedict Arnold stopped Br.  forced Br. To surrender 5,500 men • IMPORTANT b/c convinced the French government to declare war on Great Britain & openly aid the Americans • TURNING POINT in the war!!

  11. French-American Alliance • Feb. 6, 1778, Fr. Signed treaty formally recognizing the U.S. • Fr. Wanted to get revenge on Br. For Seven Year’s War • Ben Franklin went to Versailles  persuaded Fr. to support U.S. • After Saratoga = when Fr. supports • Fr. Military & financial assistance played a key role in enabling America to win the Revolutionary War (military supplies – ammunition and fire arms) • IMP b/c! = prevented any chance of Br./U.S. reconciliation

  12. Phase III:The Southern Strategy [1780-1781] • Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. • Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. • The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] • Good US General:Nathanial Greene

  13. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau AdmiralDe Grasse

  14. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

  15. The Treaty of Paris • Established America’s new boundaries: stretched west to the Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes, and South to Spanish Florida • Recognized the independence of the U.S. • America agreed that Loyalists would not be further persecuted  pledged to compensate Loyalists whose lands hand been taken by state governments

  16. Comprehension and Analysis: • Many colonists = unsure of dissolving relations with the king  couldn’t imagine it • Some colonists feared that severing ties with Britain would leave the colonies vulnerable to attacks by France and Spain • In 1775, many colonists hoped that negotiation rather than separation could resolve differences  Olive Branch Petition (2CC) • Most colonists recognized that revolution carried economic risks  some whose livelihoods were particularly dependent on British trade remained loyal to the crown Why were many Americans reluctant to pursue independence from Britain?

  17. Comprehension and Analysis: • Tensions leading up to the war: Disputes over taxation, regulation of trade, the principle of self-governance, and the British occupation of Boston • Thomas Paine articulated a compelling case for independence in his pamphlet, Common Sense  critiquing monarchy and promoting republican government • After considerable negotiation, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, endorsing its account of the rights of colonists and the wrongs of the king. • The ongoing military occupa­tion in Massachusetts and the king’s rejection of the Olive Branch Petition made reconciliation look impossible by fall 1775 Why did colonists support the war?

  18. Why did America win the war?

  19. Comprehension and Analysis: • Enslaved women in the S. = backbone of the domestic textile industry during the colonial boycotts  spinning and weaving to manufacture cloth w/o Br. Imports • N. women  homespun fabric elevated women’s importance in domestic labor • Spread messages (ignored by Br. Soldiers) • Helped in the war  supplies, nursing (Molly Pitcher) What were women’s roles in the war?

  20. Comprehension and Analysis: • Loyalists  Lord Dunmore and freedom, poor conditions • At first not allowed in Continental Army (Washington) • When needed aid, N. states could enlist Af. Am.  1777 = desperate (horrible winter conditions) to enlist all Af. Am. • The Declaration of Independence DID NOT! Call for the abolition of the slave trade What were African American’s roles in the war?

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