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Foundations of Federal Power: Marbury v. Madison & the Era of Jefferson

Explore the pivotal events of Marbury v. Madison, the Election of 1800, and President Jefferson's policies, shaping early American governance. Learn about the 12th Amendment, Jefferson's administration, "Midnight Judges," and the expansion of federal power through landmark Supreme Court cases. Delve into the principles of judicial review and the lasting impact of these historical developments.

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Foundations of Federal Power: Marbury v. Madison & the Era of Jefferson

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  1. Chapter 9, section 1 The Republicans Take Power

  2. Content Vocabulary: • 1. In Marbury v. Madison, three principles of judicialreview were established to uphold the laws of the Constitution. • 2. The French philosophy of lasissefairemeans “let people do as they choose.” Jefferson’s use meant the government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. • 3. During Jefferson’s presidency, government funds would come only from customsduties, or taxes on imported goods, and sales of land.

  3. Election of 1800: • Federalists: • John Adams- President • Charles Pinckney - Vice President • Democratic – Republicans: • Thomas Jefferson - President • Aaron Burr - Vice President

  4. Jefferson & Burr TIED in Electoral College • House of Representatives decided the winner after the 36th ballot: Jefferson winner

  5. What did the 12th Amendment require? • Electors now had to vote for the president & vice president on SEPARATE ballots. Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr

  6. Jefferson & Republicans limited the powers and size of the government: • Reduced the size of the Nat. Debt • Scaled down the Military • Cut ALL federal internal taxes – including the Whiskey Tax • Limited the number of govt. employees • Imposed Customs Duties and $$ from Western land sales to raise money • Freed Citizens arrested under Alien & Sedition Acts

  7. President Jefferson: • Strong “State Rights” supporter • Supported “Laissez Faire” form of governing . . . “let people do as they please”

  8. Judiciary Act of 1801: • Established regional courts w/ 16 judges and other judicial officials. • Adams made several last minute appointments as president – one was asking John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

  9. “Midnight Judges” • Some of the appointments did not take effect before Adams left office. • The “commissions” (papers) were not delivered in time, and Jefferson ask James Madison to NOT deliver them. • William Marbury was one who did not receive his commission.

  10. Marbury took his case directly to the Supreme Court Marshall turned down his claim: noted that the Constitution did not give the Court jurisdiction to decide Marbuy’s case. 3 Principles of Judicial Review were established: Constitution is the supreme law Constitution must be followed when a conflict between it and any other law Judicial Branch must uphold the Constitution and nullify unconstitutional laws Marbury v. Madison

  11. Expanded Federal Power . . . • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Court held that Congress is allowed to do more than the Constitution expressly authorizes it to do. • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Court held that federal law takes precedence over state law in interstate transportation. • Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Judicial review principles confirm the ultimate authority of the Supreme Court.

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