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1. CHAPTER 9 SECTION 1

   THE ROOTS OF IMPERIALISM
2. THE ROOTS OF IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM – POLITICAL, MILITARY, AND ECONOMIC DOMINATION OF STRONG NATIONS OVER WEAKER TERRITORIES THE UNITED STATES BEGAN TO ACQUIRE INFLUENCE AND TERRITORIES OUTSIDE ITS CONTINENTAL BORDERS – ABANDONED ISOLATIONISM AND EMERGED AS A NEW GLOBAL POWER
3. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM ECONOMIC BENEFITS – DESIRE FOR RAW MATERIALS AND NATURAL RESOURSES – ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR EUROPEAN NATIONS AND JAPAN – WANTED RUBBER, IRON AND PETROLEUM JAPAN AN EXAMPLE OF ANEXTRACTIVEECONOMY - REMOVED RAW MATERIALS FROM THE COLONY AND SHIPPED THEM HOME
4. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM UNITED STATES HAD AN ABUNDANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES – HAD SURPLUS OF GOODS INDUSTRIALISTS WANTED EXPANDED TRADE INTO OVERSEAS MARKETS – FACTORIES WOULD CLOSE AND UNEMPLOYMENT WOULD RISE IF THERE WAS A SURPLUS OF GOODS
5. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM MILITARY STRENGTH – BUILT UP TO PROTECT AND EXPAND THEIR INTERESTS AROUND THE WORLD ALFRED T. MAHAN – MILITARY HISTORIAN AND OFFICER IN THE U.S. NAVY – PLAYED KEY ROLE IN TRANSFORMING THE U.S. INTO A NAVAL POWER
6. MAHAN WROTE THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY – STATED THAT MANY GREAT NATIONS HAD OWED THEIR GREATNESS TO POWERFUL NAVIES – URGED AMERICA TO BUILD A MODERN FLEET – ALSO BELIEVED THE U.S. SHOULD ACQUIRE FOREIGN BASES WHERE AMERICAN SHIPS COULD REFUEL AND GATHER FRESH SUPPLIES
7. THE U.S. EXPANDED AND MODERNIZED ITS NAVY BY BUILDING STEAMPOWERED BATTLESHIPS SUCH AS THE USS MAINE BY 1900 THE U.S. HAD THE THIRD LARGEST NAVY IN THE WORLD
8. NATIONAL SUPERIORITY – IMPERIALISTS USED RACIAL, NATIONAL AND CULTURAL SUPERIORITY TO JUSTIFY IMPERIALISM – BELIEVED IN SOCIAL DARWINISM - CERTAIN NATION AND RACES WERE SUPERIOR TO OTHERS AND WERE DESTINED TO RULE OVER INFERIOR PEOPLE ANDCULTURES
9. AMERICANS WORRIED THAT IF THE U.S. REMAINED ISOLATED WHILE EUROPEAN NATIONS CLAIMED THE REST OF THE WORLD – FEARED U.S. WOULD NOT SURVIVE
10. AMERICA’S FIRST STEPS TOWARD WORLD POWER JAPAN – 1853 – MATTHEW PERRY – SAILED A FLEET OF AMERICAN SHIPS INTO TOKYO BAY, JAPAN
11. BEFORE PERRY, JAPAN HAD DENIED THE WORLD ACCESS TO ITS PORTS PERRY WON FAVOR WITH THE JAPANESE EMPEROR BY GIVING HIM GIFTS
12. JAPAN REALIZED THAT BY BEING ISOLATIONISTS THEY HAD FALLEN BEHIND IN MILITARY TECHNOLOGY WITHIN THE YEAR PERRY NEGOTIATED A TREATY THAT OPENED JAPAN TO TRADE WITH AMERICA
13. PERRY’S TRIP LED TO FURTHER EXPANSION ACROSS THE PACIFIC OCEAN – 1867 THE U.S. TOOK POSSESSION OF THE MIDWAY ISLANDS
14. TREATIES IN 1875 AND 1887 INCREASED TRADE WITH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND GAVE THE U.S. THE RIGHT TO BUILD A NAVAL BASE AT PEARL HARBOR
15. AMERICA’S FIRST STEPS TOWARD WORLD POWER ALASKA – 1867 SECRETARY OF STATE WILLIAM SEWARD BOUGHT ALASKA FROM RUSSIA FOR 7.2 MILLION DOLLARS
16. JOURNALIST MADE FUN OF THE PURCHASE AND CALLED ALASKA SEWARD’S FOLLY AND SEWARD ICEBOX – DID NOT UNDERSTANDWHY THE U.S. WOULD WANT AVAST TUNDRA OF SNOW AND ICE 1,000 MILES NORTH OF ITS BORDER
17. WITH ALASKA THE SIZE OF THE U.S. ALMOST DOUBLED ANDX TURNED OUT TO BE RICH IN TIMBER, OIL AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES
18. ALASKA GREATLY EXPANDED AMERICA’S REACH ACROSS THE PACIFIC – SCHOLARS TODAY BEILIEVE SEWARD’S PURCHASE AS A KEY MILESTONE ROAD TO POWER
19. AMERICA’S FIRST STEPS TOWARD WORLD POWER HAWAII – ECONOMICALLY LINKED TO THE U.S. – MERCHANT SHIPS STOPPED THERE ON THEIR WAY TO EAST ASIA
20. U.S. MISSIONARIES ESTABLISHED CHRISTIAN CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS THERE
21. AMERICANS ESTABLISHED SUGAR PLANTATIONS THERE – AMERICAN PLANTERS THERE CONVINCED KING KALAKAUA TO AMEND HAWAII’S CONSTITUTION SO THAT VOTING RIGHTS WERE LIMITED TO ONLY WEALTHY LANDOWNERS – THE WHITE PLANTERS
22. EARLY 1890S AMERICAN PLANTERS FACED TWO PROBLEMS: A U.S. TARIFF LAW IMPOSED DUTIES ON PEVIOUSLY DUTY-FREE HAWAIIAN SUGAR – MADE IT MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THAT PRODUCED IN THE U.S.
23. KING KALAKAUA DIED AND HIS SISTER LILIUOKALANI TOOK OVER – SHE WAS A NATIONALIST WHO RESENTED THE POWER OF THE WHITE PLANTERS – SHE ABOLISHED THE CONSTITUTION THAT GAVE POWER TO THE WEALTHY WHITE MINORITY
24. WITH HELP OF U.S. OFFICIALS THE AMERICAN PLANTERS OVERTHREW HER THE NEW GOVERNMENT LED BY WEALTHY PLANTER SANFORD B. DOLE ASKED PRESIDENT BENJAMIN HARRISON TO ANNEX HAWAII INTO THE U.S.
25. HARRISON SIGNED TREATY BUT THE SENATE WOULD NOT RATIFY IT BEFORE GROVER CLEVELAND BECAME PRESIDENT
26. CLEVELAND INVESTIGATED THE OVERTHROW AND DISCOVERED MOST OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE DID NOT APPROVE OF THE TREATY – HE REFUSED TO SIGN AND APOLOGIZED FOR WHAT THE AMERICANS HAD DONE
27. 1897 – AMERICANS MOSTLY IN CALIFORNIA WHO HAD BUSINESS INTERESTS WITH HAWAII WANTED TO ANNEX HAWAII – NEW PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY FAVORED ANNEXATION 1898 –CONGRESS PROCLAIMED HAWAII AN OFFICIAL U.S. TERRITORY