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Progressive Era

The Progressive Era marked a crucial period in American history (1890-1920) characterized by broad movements for social reform driven by individuals and organizations. Business leaders sought to empower workers, while women’s groups advocated for rights and improved workplace conditions. Iconic muckrakers, such as Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair, exposed corporate malfeasance and social injustices. Progressive Presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, implemented significant reforms like antitrust laws, labor rights, and regulatory programs. This era symbolized the shift towards consumerism and the expansion of government’s role in economic and social affairs.

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Progressive Era

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  1. Progressive Era

  2. Progressive: broad loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring significant change • Business men who wanted to give workers a voice • Female reform organizations • Social scientist • Anxious middle class

  3. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

  4. An Urban Age and a Consumer Society

  5. Farms and Cities

  6. Muckrakers • Lincoln Steffens: Shame of Cities • Ida Tarbell: History of Standard Oil • Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie • Upton Sinclair: The Jungle

  7. Immigration as a Global Process

  8. Consumer Freedom

  9. The Working Woman • Charlotte Perkins Gilman: road to woman’s freedom lay through the workplace

  10. The Rise of Fordism The Assembly Line

  11. The Promise of Abundance • Shift from capital goods to consumer products • Economic abundance would eventually come to define American way of life • Fulfillment was acquiring material goods • Desire for consumer goods led many to join unions and fight for higher wages

  12. Living Wage • Earning a living wage came to be viewed as a natural and absolute right of citizenship • Mass consumption came to occupy a central place in descriptions of American society and its future

  13. Varieties of Progressivism

  14. Industrial Freedom • Frederick W. Taylor and Scientific management

  15. Socialist Presence • Eugene V. Debs • Radicals

  16. AFL & IWW

  17. The New Feminism

  18. Birth Control Movement • Margaret Sanger

  19. Spearhead for Reform • Jane Addams and Hull House

  20. The Progressive Presidents

  21. Theodore Roosevelt

  22. Roosevelt and the Trusts • Sherman Antitrust Act • Coal Miners Strike • Improved Interstate Commerce Commission • Regulate Food and Drug Industry

  23. Conservation Movement • John C. Muir and Sierra Club • Gifford Pinchot, head of US Forest Service • Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Glacier

  24. Taft in Office • More aggressive antitrust policy • Supported 16th amendment (graduated income tax) • Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

  25. Election of 1912 • Taft (Republican) • Roosevelt (Progressive) • Wilson (Democrat) • Debs (Socialist)

  26. New Freedom and New Nationalism • Wilson: New Freedom • Democracy invigorated by restoring market competition and freeing gov from big business domination • Protect rights of labor unions • Economic competition without government regulation • Roosevelt: New Nationalism • Heavy taxes on personal and corporate functions and federal regulation of industries including railroads, mining and oil • Social justice • Intervention of government

  27. Wilson’s First Term • Underwood Tariff: reduced duties on imports • Graduate income tax on wealthy 5% • Clayton Act 1914: exempted labor unions from antitrust laws and barred courts from stopping strikes • Keating-Owen Act: outlaw child labor • Adamson Act: 8 hr workday on railroad • Warehouse Act: extended credit to farmers who stored crops in federally licensed warehouses

  28. Expanding Role of Government • Wilson abandons idea of aggressive trust-busting in favor of greater economic supervision of economy • Federal Reserve System: 12 regular banks, overseen by central board appointed by president and empowered to handle issuance of currency, aid banks in danger of failing & influence interest rates to promote economic growth • Federal Trade Commission: to investigate & prohibit unfair business activities such as price fixing and monopolistic practices

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