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What I have been Doing

What I have been Doing. Peta Bumps 10k$ TB Scaleable Computing Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Sense of scale. 300 MBps OC48 = G2 Or memcpy(). How fat is your pipe? Fattest pipe on MS campus is the WAN!. 20 MBps disk / ATM / OC3. 94 MBps Coast to Coast. 90 MBps PCI. Redmond/Seattle, WA.

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What I have been Doing

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  1. What I have been Doing Peta Bumps 10k$ TB Scaleable Computing Sloan Digital Sky Survey

  2. Sense of scale 300 MBps OC48 = G2 Or memcpy() • How fat is your pipe? • Fattest pipe on MS campus is the WAN! 20 MBps disk / ATM / OC3 94 MBps Coast to Coast 90 MBps PCI

  3. Redmond/Seattle, WA Information Sciences Institute Microsoft Qwest University of Washington Pacific Northwest Gigapop HSCC (high speed connectivity consortium) DARPA New York Arlington, VA San Francisco, CA 5626 km 10 hops

  4. The Path DC -> SEA C:\tracert -d 131.107.151.194 Tracing route to 131.107.151.194 over a maximum of 30 hops 0 ------- DELL 4400 Win2K WKS Arlington Virginia, ISI Alteon GbE 1 16 ms <10 ms <10 ms 140.173.170.65 ------- Juniper M40 GbE Arlington Virginia, ISI Interface ISIe 2 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms 205.171.40.61 ------- Cisco GSR OC48 Arlington Virginia, Qwest DC Edge 3 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms 205.171.24.85 ------- Cisco GSR OC48 Arlington Virginia, Qwest DC Core 4 <10 ms <10 ms 16 ms 205.171.5.233 ------- Cisco GSR OC48 New York, New York, Qwest NYC Core 5 62 ms 63 ms 62 ms 205.171.5.115 ------- Cisco GSR OC48 San Francisco, CA, Qwest SF Core 6 78 ms 78 ms 78 ms 205.171.5.108 ------- Cisco GSR OC48 Seattle, Washington, Qwest Sea Core 7 78 ms 78 ms 94 ms 205.171.26.42 ------- Juniper M40 OC48 Seattle, Washington, Qwest Sea Edge 8 78 ms 79 ms 78 ms 208.46.239.90 ------- Juniper M40 OC48 Seattle, Washington, PNW Gigapop 9 78 ms 78 ms 94 ms 198.48.91.30 ------- Cisco GSR OC48 Redmond Washington, Microsoft 10 78 ms 78 ms 94 ms 131.107.151.194 ------- Compaq SP750 Win2K WKS Redmond Washington, Microsoft SysKonnect GbE

  5. 750mbps over 5000 km (957 mbps multi-stream)~ 4e15 bit meters per second4 Peta bmps (“peta bumps”)Single Stream tcp/ip throughput Information Sciences Institute Microsoft Qwest University of Washington Pacific Northwest Gigapop HSCC (high speed connectivity consortium) DARPA 5 Peta bmps multi-stream

  6. “ PetaBumps” • 751 mbps for 300 seconds = (~28 GB) single-thread single-stream tcp/ip desktop-to-desktop out of the box performance* • 5626 km x 751Mbps = ~ 4.2e15 bit meter / second ~ 4.2 Peta bmps • Multi-steam is 952 mbps~5.2 Peta bmps • 4470 byte MTUs were enabled on all routers. • 20 MB window size

  7. Pointers • The single-stream submission: http://research.microsoft.com/~gray/papers/Windows2000_I2_land_Speed_Contest_Entry_(Single_Stream_mail).htm • The multi-stream submission: http://research.Microsoft.com/~gray/papers/ Windows2000_I2_land_Speed_Contest_Entry_(Multi_Stream_mail).htm • The code: http://research.Microsoft.com/~gray/papers/speedy.htm speedy.h speedy.cAnd a PowerPoint presentation about it. http://research.Microsoft.com/~gray/papers/ Windows2000_WAN_Speed_Record.ppt

  8. What I have been Doing Peta Bumps 10k$ TB Scaleable Computing Sloan Digital Sky Survey

  9. TPC-C high performance clusters Standard transaction processing benchmark Mix of 5 simple transaction types. Database scales with workload Measures balanced system.

  10. Scalability Successes • Single Site Clusters • Billions of transactions per day • Tera-Ops & Peta-Bytes (10 k node clusters) • Micro-dollar/transaction • Hardware + Software advances • TPC & Sort examples (2x/year) • Many other examples

  11. Progress since Jan 99: Running out of gas? • 50% better peak perf (not 2x) • 2x better Price/Performance • At a cost ceiling Systems cost 7M$-13M$ • June 98 result: “hero” effort(off-scale good!)(Compaq/Alpha/Oracle 96 cpu, 8node cluster, 102,542 tpmC @139$/tpmC, 5/5/98) Out’a gas? Out’a gas?

  12. 2/17/00: back on Schedule!! Back on Schedule! • First proof point of commoditized scale-out • 1.7x Better Performance3x Better price/performance • 4M$ vs 7M$-13M$ • Much more to do, but…great start!

  13. Year 2000 Sort Results Daytona Indy 4.5 GB (45 m records) 886 seconds on a $1010 Win2K/Intel system HMsort: doc (74KB),pdf (32KB). Brad Helmkamp, Keith McCready,Stenograph LLC Penny 4.5 GB (45 m records) 886 seconds on a $1010 Win2K/Intel system HMsort: doc (74KB),pdf (32KB). Brad Helmkamp, Keith McCready,Stenograph LLC Minute 7.6 GB in 60 secondsOrdinal NsortSGI 32 cpu Origin IRIX  21.8 GB 218 M records in 56.51 secNOW+HPVMsort 64 nodes WinNT pdf (170KB).Luis Rivera , Xianan Zhang, Andrew Chien UCSD TeraByte 49 minutesDaivd Cossock, Sam Fineberg,Pankaj Mehra, John Peck68x2 Compaq Tandem Sandia Labs 1057 secondsSPsort 1952 SP cluster 2168 disks Jim Wyllie PDF SPsort.pdf (80KB) 1 M records in .998 Seconds (doc 703KB) or (pdf 50KB) Mitsubishi DIAPRISM Hardware Sorter with HP 4 x 550MHz Xeon PC server + 32 SCSI disks, Windows NT4 Shinsuke Azuma, Takao Sakuma, Tetsuya Takeo, Takaaki Ando, Kenji ShiraiMitsubishi Electric Corp. Datamation Datamation

  14. What’s a Balanced System? System Bus PCI Bus PCI Bus

  15. Rules of Thumb in Data Engineering • Moore’s law -> an address bit per 18 months. • Storage grows 100x/decade (except 1000x last decade!) • Disk data of 10 years ago now fits in RAM (iso-price). • Device bandwidth grows 10x/decade – so need parallelism • RAM:disk:tape price is 1:10:30 going to 1:10:10 • Amdahl’s speedup law: S/(S+P) • Amdahl’s IO law: bit of IO per instruction/second(tBps/10 top! 50,000 disks/10 teraOP: 100 M$ Dollars) • Amdahl’s memory law: byte per instruction/second (going to 10)(1 TB RAM per TOP: 1 TeraDollars) • PetaOps anyone? • Gilder’s law: aggregate bandwidth doubles every 8 months. • 5 Minute rule: cache disk data that is reused in 5 minutes. • Web rule: cache everything! http://research.Microsoft.com/~gray/papers/MS_TR_99_100_Rules_of_Thumb_in_Data_Engineering.doc

  16. Cheap Storage • Disks are getting cheap: • 7 k$/TB disks (25 40 GB disks @ 230$ each)

  17. 2x800 Mhz 256 MB Cheap Storage or Balanced System • Low cost storage (2 x 1.5k$ servers) 10K$ TB2x (1K$ system + 8x70GB disks + 100MbEthernet) • Balanced server (9k$/.5 TB) • 2x800Mhz (2k$) • 256 MB (500$) • 8 x 73 GB drives (4K$) • Gbps Ethernet + switch (1.5k$) • 18k$ TB, 36K$/RAIDED TB

  18. 160 GB, 2k$ (now)300 GB by year end. • 4x40 GB ID(2 hot plugable) • (1,100$) • SCSI-IDE bridge • 200k$ • Box • 500 Mhz cpu • 256 MB SRAM • Fan, power, Enet • 700$ • Or 8 disks/box600 GB for ~3K$ ( or 300 GB RAID)

  19. Hot Swap Drives for Archive or Data Interchange • 25 MBps write(so can write N x 74 GB in 3 hours) • 74 GB/overnite = ~N x 2 MB/second @ 19.95$/nite

  20. Doing Studies of IO bandwidth • SCSI & IDE bandwidth • ~15-30 MBps sequential • SCSI 10rpm ~ 110 kaps @ 600$ • IDE 7.2krpm ~ 80 kaps @ 250$ • Get 2 disks for the price of 1 • More bandwidth for reads • RAID • 10K$ raid TB by 2001

  21. What I have been Doing Peta Bumps 10k$ TB Scaleable Computing Sloan Digital Sky Survey

  22. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey A project run by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) The University of Chicago Princeton University The Johns Hopkins University The University of Washington Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory US Naval Observatory The Japanese Participation Group The Institute for Advanced Study SLOAN Foundation, NSF, DOE, NASA Goal: To create a detailed multicolor map of the Northern Sky over 5 years, with a budget of approximately $80M Data Size: 40 TB raw, 1 TB processed

  23. Scientific Motivation Create the ultimate map of the Universe: The Cosmic Genome Project! Study the distribution of galaxies: What is the origin of fluctuations?  What is the topology of the distribution? Measure the global properties of the Universe: How much dark matter is there? Local census of the galaxy population: How did galaxies form? Find the most distant objects in the Universe: What are the highest quasar redshifts?

  24. First Light Images Telescope: First light May 9th 1998 Equatorial scans

  25. The First Stripes Camera: 5 color imaging of >100 square degrees Multiple scans across the same fields Photometric limits as expected

  26. SDSS Data Flow

  27. SDSS Data Products Object catalog 400 GB parameters of >108 objects Redshift Catalog 1 GB parameters of 106 objects Atlas Images 1.5 TB 5 color cutouts of >108 objects Spectra 60 GB in a one-dimensional form Derived Catalogs 20 GB - clusters - QSO absorption lines 4x4 Pixel All-Sky Map 60 GB heavily compressed All raw data saved in a tape vault at Fermilab

  28. Distributed Implementation User Interface Analysis Engine Master SX Engine Objectivity Federation Objectivity Slave Slave Slave Objectivity Slave Objectivity Objectivity RAID Objectivity RAID RAID RAID

  29. What We Have Been Doing • Helping move the data to SQL • Database design • Data loading • Experimenting with queries on a 4 M object DB • 20 questions like “find gravitational lens candidates” • Queries use parallelism, most run in a few seconds.(auto parallel) • Some run in hours (neighbors within 1 arcsec) • EASY to ask questions. • Helping with an “outreach” website: SkyServer • Personal goal: Try datamining techniques to “re-discover” Astronomy

  30. What I have been Doing Peta Bumps 10k$ TB Scaleable Computing Sloan Digital Sky Survey

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