Byzantine Empire Map

1. Byzantine Empire Map

3. Byzantine, Islamic and Middle Ages Key Events • 526 – 1204 Byzantine Era • 526 – St Benedict Establishes Monasticism • 527-565 - Reign of Eastern Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora • 622 – Mohammed establishes Islam when fleeing from Mecca • 700 – Traditional date of first book in English – Beowulf • 711-715 – Conquest of North Africa and Spain by Muslims/ Arab rule established in and around Mediterranean • 726 – 843 – Iconoclasm – movement against the veneration (worship) of icons in Churches • 768 – 814 – Reign of Charlemagne • Dec. 25, 800 – Charlemagne becomes first Holy Roman Emperor • 800- 900 – Vikings raid northern Europe, Muslims invade Mediterranean, Magyars invade in the East

4. Byzantine, Islamic and Middle Ages Key Events • 800 – the book 1001 Arabian Nights first written • 843 – restoration of the images to Eastern churches • 1054 – Break between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church (The Great Schism) • 1071 – Conquest of eastern Byzantine provinces by Seljuks • 1095-1099 – First Crusade called by Pope Urban II (Deus le volt!) • 1095-1307 – Era of the Crusades • 1118 - First branch of warrior monks established – The Knights Templar – soon followed by the Hospitallers and Teutonic Orders • 1204 – Crusaders pillage Constantinople • 1304 – Establishment of the Inquisition during the Albigensian Crusade in France • 1453 – Fall of Constantinople to the Turks – end of Byzantine Era

5. Byzantine Art Characteristics • Onion Domes • Pointed Arches • Gilded Mosaics • Ornate interiors • Patterned and inlaid floors • Slim people with small pointed feet • Small almond shaped faces, huge eyes

6. Map: Early Byzantine and medieval Constantinople.

7. Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory) mid-6th centuryivory1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in. Most successful Byzantine Emperor – almost reconquered entire Western Empire

8. Byzantine Art • Hagia Sophia • 532-537 • Istanbul, Turkey • Artist: Anthemius and Isodorus • Built under the direction of Justinian • Largest church of its time; this is the first use of a dome with pendentives

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15. Byzantine Art • San Vitale • 526 – 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Typical octagonal shape occurs in Byzantine style, plain exterior, extravagant interiors

18. Byzantine Art • Interior San Vitale • 526 – 547 • Ravenna, Italy • The walls of the interior are covered from floor to ceiling with mosaics • The amount of light and angle determines the colors and patterns you can see

20. Byzantine Art • Justinian Mosaic • 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Byzantine mosaics are typically very colorful with a heavy use of gold – note Justinian has a halo (not a saint) • He holds the bread (the host)

21. Byzantine Art • Theodora Mosaic • 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Note the use of gold – note Theodora’s halo – she was no saint • She carried the cup of wine

22. Byzantine. The Healing of the Blind, wall mosaic, Sant’ApollinareNuovo, Ravenna. ca. 500 CE.

23. Byzantine. St. Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai. ca. 548–65 CE.

24. Transfiguration of Jesusapse mosaic, Church of the VirginMonastery of Saint CatherineMount Sinai, Egypt ca. 565mosaic Monastery begin to pop up in remote places so that monks could pray in peace

25. Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon 6th or early 7th centuryencaustic on wood2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 3/8 in. Byzantine style included almond shaped heads and pointed feet

26. Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos HosiosLoukas, Greece Katholikon early 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century Greek Byzantine usually contained multi colored stones

27. Baptism of Christ Katholikon HosiosLoukas, Greece 11th centurymosaic Note the water effect

28. Pantocratordome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece ca. 1090-1100 mosaic Mosaics begin to use lots of gold

29. Crucifixion in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece ca. 1090-1100 mosaic Considered the Byzantine mosaic masterpiece

30. Byzantine Art • St. Mark’s Square (Piazza San Marco) • Begun 1063 • Venice, Italy • The bell tower was rebuilt in 19th century due to its collapse • Basilica is typical Byzantine style – onion domes, mosaic decorations

31. San Marco Basilica 1063 Venice, Italy Onion domes are typical as are exterior mosaics – heavy eastern influence

33. Byzantine Art • Interior of Saint Mark’s (San Marco) • 1063 • Venice, Italy • Heavy use of gold mosaic • Intricately decorated marble patterned floors • In typical Byzantine style in Greek Cross plan • Church was built for a large community

36. Byzantine Art • God Creates Eve • 1200 • Venice, Italy • Mosaic work becomes very intricate with heavy use of gold, but style is still decayed • Biblical stories were told in scenes like these

37. Pala d’Orofrom Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy ca. 1105gold cloisonné with precious stones Masterpiece of craftwork

39. ApseCathedral at Monreale Monreale, Sicily, Italy ca. 1180-1190 mosaic Entire apse is mosaic filled

41. David composing the PsalmsParis Psalter ca. 950-970tempera on vellum14 1/8 in. x 10 1/4 in. Best example of Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts

42. Anastasisapse fresco in parekklision of the Church of Christ in Chora Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey ca. 1310-1320 fresco Anastasis means Resurrection

43. Iconostasis Icons became a major controversy in the Church and it actually caused a division – as the fear of worshiping idols rather than deity occurred

44. Early Christian and Byzantine Art • The end . . . • Next lecture … • Early Middle Ages