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Congestion

Congestion. The state of being overcrowded, clogged, overloaded with traffic or people. Causes. Increased car ownership from a rapidly growing population and wealth Large trucks/vehicles on the road, carrying cargo or raw materials to meet demands

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Congestion

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  1. Congestion The state of being overcrowded, clogged, overloaded with traffic or people

  2. Causes • Increased car ownership from a rapidly growing population and wealth • Large trucks/vehicles on the road, carrying cargo or raw materials to meet demands • Poor road designs that naturally leads to congestion, e.g. narrowing roads • Lack of (accessible) transport options • Network overload - demand > capacity • Lack of space • Suburbanisation, increase of satellite settlements & commuter towns

  3. Causes • Disturbances leading to “traffic waves”: • construction • double-parking (lack of government control) • accidents (weather conditions, drunk driving...)

  4. Effects

  5. HIC Case Study Singapore

  6. The Situation - 1970s • Rapid industrialisation • Emerging as a strong economic market in Asia • Congestion was severe in (and nearby) CBD • Air pollution was increasing - WHO urged Singapore to take preventive measures • Deteriorating quality of life in city centre • Increasing population - population increase of 16% from 1970-80

  7. Solutions Urban Planning • Connecting land use with transport facilities • High building densities nearby mass rapid transit systems Road Development

  8. Solutions • Problems with ALS: • Too much manpower • Inconvenient (still requires waiting, for the license) Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), 1975 • Drivers purchase a license to go through designated Restricted Zones during rush hour • Restricted Zones were only found in the CBD • Only city in the world to implement something like this! • World Bank conducted a before-and-after study: • 45% reduction in traffic • 25% decline in vehicle crashes • Average travel speed increased from 11 mph to 21 mph

  9. The Situation - 1990s Vehicles per km of road (Source: The World Bank)

  10. Solutions Urban Planning • Relocating commercial activity to 4 major suburban areas; commuters are closer to their jobs Road Development • 11% of the country is taken up by roads; 13% is taken up by housing • Government investment: Spending 1.1 billion SGD (6.7 billion HKD) to expand the road network during 1995-2000 Technological Opportunities • Underground road systems: Expensive (estimated capital cost = 4.8 billion SGD, operating cost = 80 million SGD / year) but increases city centre road capacity by 40% • Green Link Determining System (GLIDE): Increases ‘green time’ for vehicles according to the situation, allows traffic signal faults to be rectified efficiently

  11. Solutions ALS → Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), 1998 • All vehicles have an On-Board Unit (OBU) • Cash Card inserted at the start of the journey • Charge is deducted and displayed on OBU every time a ERP gantry is passed(Charge varies according to traffic conditions, vehicle type, time, location) • Emergency vehicles exempted • 2005: ERP system expanded to other major roads • System is revised every 3 months • Traffic levels decreased by 15% • 65% of commuters use public transport (increase of 20%) • 176,400 pound reduction in CO2 emissions, 22 pound reduction in soot in charged areas • Cost of implementing ERP system = 125 million USD • Revenue = 50 million USD, Net Profit = 40 million USD

  12. Solutions Reducing Car Ownership • Adding taxes and charges to buying vehicles • Open Market Value (OMV)The value of the vehicle determined by Customs • Import Duty (ID) • Goods and Service Tax (GST) • Registration Fee (RF) • Additional Registration Fee (ARF) • Annual Road Tax (ART) • Vehicle Quota System (VQS), 1990Implemented by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) • Potential vehicle owners bid for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE) • Quota on COEs are determined twice a year • 41,000 fewer vehicles registered between 1990-1993 • Car Ownership in Singapore = 39%

  13. LIC Case Study Lagos

  14. The Causes • Rapid industrialisation • Emerging as a strong economic market in Africa • Deteriorating quality of life in city centre (Slums) ; which narrows the roads down • Increasing population - the rate is slowing down but still increasing rapidly

  15. Possible Solutions • Road Development Make wider roads to spread out traffic Make ring roads to circle the city to reduce traffic in city • Reducing Car Ownership Increase taxes and increase tax of fuel prices to reduce people wanting to own cars • Use bridges and tunnels to divert traffic Add additional was to move around the city • Congestion Charging Ask people to pay to enter CBD during peak hours to reduce congestions

  16. Sources How Stuff Works http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/accidents-hazardous-conditions/traffic1.htm Traffic Waves http://trafficwaves.org/ IBM http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/traffic_congestion/ideas/ The World Bank http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.ROAD.K1?order=wbapi_data_value_2011+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/EXTARCHIVES/0,,contentMDK:21029453~pagePK:36726~piPK:437378~theSitePK:29506,00.html Singapore Infopedia http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-04-07_110024.html Department of Statistics, Singapore http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse_by_theme/population.html Student Report from UCL http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/drivers_urb_change/urb_infrastructure/pdf_transport/HABITAT_BestPractice_Yuan_Transportation.pdf DAC& Cities http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/transport/singapore-the-worlds-first-digital-congestion-charging-system/ One Motoring http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/on_the_roads/traffic_management/intelligent_transport_systems/glide.html Transport Policy Blog http://transportpolicy2013.blogspot.hk/2013/04/singapore-traffic-congestion-solution.html

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