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Dive into the world of perception with key terms such as bottom-up and top-down processing, gestalt principles of organization, depth perception, and perceptual learning. Discover how our brains assemble sensory input into meaningful patterns and explore the factors influencing our ability to perceive our surroundings accurately. Enhance your awareness with insights on selective attention, perceptual grouping, and depth cues while delving into the fascinating realm of visual illusions and perceptual habits. Develop a deeper understanding of how your brain interprets the world around you and how perception shapes your reality.
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Some Key Terms • Perception: How we assemble sensations into meaningful patterns • Bottom-up processing: Analyzing information starting at the bottom (small units) and going upward to form a complete perception • Top-down processing: Pre-existing knowledge that is used to rapidly organize features into a meaningful whole
Selective Attention • Giving priority to a particular incoming message.
Selective Attention Exercise • Reading Aloud.
Discuss • How has perceptual learning affected your ability to safely drive a car? For example, what do you pay attention to at intersections? Where do you habitually look as you are driving?
Divided Attention • Allotting mental space or effort to various tasks or parts of a task
Perceptual Expectancies • Perceptual expectancy (set): Past experiences, motives, contexts, or suggestions that prepare us to perceive in a certain way
Attention and Perception • Inattentional blindness: Failure to perceive a stimulus that is in plain view, but not the focus of attention (hair dryer) • Orientation response: Bodily changes that prepare an organism to receive information from a particular stimulus
Perceptual Grouping • Figure–ground organization: Inborn; part of a stimulus stands out as an object (figure) against a plainer background (ground) • Reversible figure: Figure and ground that can be reversed
Gestalt Principles of Organization • Nearness: Stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together • Similarity: Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, color, or form tend to be grouped together • Continuation, or continuity: Perceptions tend toward simplicity and continuity
Gestalt Principles of Organization (cont) • Closure: Tendency to complete a figure so that it has a consistent overall form • Contiguity: Nearness in time and space; perception that one thing has caused another • Common region: Stimuli that are found within a common area tend to be seen as a group
Some More Key Terms • Empirical perception: A perception strongly influenced by prior experience • Shape constancy: The perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image • Brightness constancy: Apparent brightness of an object stays the same under changing lighting conditions
Depth Perception • Definition: Ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances • Visual cliff: Apparatus that looks like the edge of an elevated platform or cliff on one side and a tabletop on the other
Depth • Depth cues: Features of the environment, and messages from the body, that supply information about distance and space • Binocular depth cue: Depth cue that can be sensed with two eyes • Monocular depth cue: Depth cue that can be sensed with one eye
Muscular Cues for Depth Perception • Retinal disparity: Discrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eyes • Stereotopic vision: Three-dimensional sight; perception of space and depth caused by the fact that the eye receives different images
Pictorial Cues for Depth • Features found in paintings, drawings, and photographs that supply information about space, depth, and distance; monocular depth cues
Linear Perspective • Based on apparent convergence of parallel lines in environment
Overlap • When one object partially blocks another
Texture Gradients • Texture changes can contribute to depth perception; coarse texture implies closeness, fine texture implies distance
Relative Motion (Motion Parallax) • Nearby objects move a lot as your head moves; distant objects move slightly
Some Illusions • Moon illusion: Apparent change in size that occurs as the moon moves from the horizon (large moon) to overhead (small moon) • Apparent-distance hypothesis: Horizon seems more distant than the night sky
Perceptual Learning • Change in the brain that alters how we construct sensory information into precepts
Perceptual Habits • Ingrained patterns of organization and attention • Other-race effect: Tendency to be better at recognizing faces from one’s own racial group than faces from other racial or ethnic groups • Active movement: Self-generated action; accelerates perceptual adaptation
Context • Context: Information surrounding a stimulus; affects perception • Frames of reference: Internal standards for judging stimuli
Illusions: Is What You See What You Get? • Illusion: Length, position, motion, curvature, or direction is constantly misjudged • Hallucination: When people perceive objects or events that have no basis in external reality • Stroboscopic movement: Illusory motion perceived when objects are shown in rapidly changing positions (cartoon flipbook)
Müller-Lyer Illusion • Two equal-length lines tipped with inward or outward pointing V’s appear to be of different length; based on experience with edges and corners of rooms and buildings
Size-Distance Invariance • Strict relationship between the distance an object lies from the eyes and the size of its image