Goal 12 Terms

1. Goal 12 Terms

2. : started to fight against Israel; goal is to retake the territory lost to make Israel; Arafat was their leader for over 20 years • Yasser Arafat-Palestine Nationalism (PLO) • : Over 200 Americans were killed while acting as peacekeepers when a suicide bomber drove a truck into the US barracks; • U.S. invasion of Lebanon • : 1973 Arab-Israeli War; started with a surprise joint attack by Egypt and Syria; US sent aid to Israel and OPEC started the oil embargo in response to this action; • Yom Kipper War • : historic agreement between Israel and Egypt during the Carter administration • Camp David Accords • : leader of Egypt; signed the Camp David Accords; was assassinated later • Anwar el-Sadat • : leader of Israel who signed the Camp David Accords • Menachem Begin

3. : put into power by US during Eisenhower administration; very unpopular and overthrown in mid 70s; sought asylum in US; was tried in absentia; Iran demanded he be extradited; US refused • Shah of Iran • : took over Iran after Shah was overthrown; ended westernization; led to stringent Muslim rule • Ayatollah Khomeini • : when US refused to turn over the Shah, group of Iranian students took over the US Embassy at Tehran and kept them for 444 days; • Iranian Hostage Crisis • : was unable to work out an agreement to free or negotiate their release; sent a failed mission to rescue the hostages just before the 1980 election • Jimmy Carter • : horrible famine which occurred; US troops sent in to aid them • Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia

4. : money US owes to foreign countries; US has had increasing foreign debt during the 80s and 90s and to today • Foreign debt • : racist regime in South Africa which ended when FW DeKlerk freed Mandela and had elections where all were allowed to vote for first time • Apartheid • : held as a political prisoner for many years; was elected President of S Africa; • Nelson Mandela • : 1975 agreement where all nations present agreed to respect human rights and religious freedom; USSR was at this conference • Helsinki Accords • : proposed outer space missile defense system • Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) • : occurred during Reagan administration; US sold arms to Iran and gave those monies to Contras in Nicaragua to fight against the leftist Sandinistas • Iran-Contra Affair

5. : agreement between US and USSR; first treaty to actually decrease nuclear weapons rather than set ceilings; • INF Treaty • : last leader of the USSR; presided over the breakup of USSR into Russia and several other republics; known for glasnost and perestroika • Mikhail Gorbachev • : recently deposed leader of Iraq • Saddam Hussein • : occurred during George H W Bush administration; happened after Iraq invaded Kuwait and refused to leave; US and coalition forces defeated Iraqis; Hussein remained in power. • Persian Gulf War • : major event in end of Cold War; Germany reunified after this; • Fall of the Berlin Wall • : 2000 Chinese students were massacred by their govt when they would not leave a rally • Tiananmen Square

6. : first woman justice on Supreme Court; apptd by Reagan • Sandra Day O’Connor • : second African American on SC; replaced Thurgood Marshall • Clarence Thomas • : Bill Gates’ company which controls a great deal of computer market • Microsoft • 27th Amendment • : big issue in last several years; many attempts to outlaw this activity • Flag burning • : sets up many regulations involving access to public facilities for disabled • Americans with Disabilities Act • : these lobby legislators to pass certain laws, help certain people get elected, etc • Political Action Committees • : first woman to get nominated for Vice President by a major political party; ran for Democrats in 1984 • Geraldine Ferraro

7. : landmark act that required schools to give female athletics equal footing with males • Title IX • : 1989 case saying that flag burning was protected speech under the 1st Amendment • Texas v Johnson • : Supreme Court legalized busing to achieve racial integration • Swan v Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools • : Chief Justice of Supreme Court during 1990s • William Rehnquist • : buttons and slogan used by Pres. Ford to try to get Americans to slow inflation • WIN (Ford) • : combination of inflation and unemployment that happened during the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations • Stagflation • ; passed during the Clinton administration; no tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico • NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

8. : in charge of energy production and conservation in US • Department of Energy • : US govt stopped total regulation of passenger and freight rates • Airline deregulation • : near nuclear disaster at a nuclear power plant in US • Three Mile Island • : sparked when OPEC oil embargo occurred; has reoccurred several times since • Energy Crisis • : 1978 response by the US Congress to the 1973 Energy Crisis • National Energy Act • : clean, safe, alternative to nclear and fossil fuel power • Solar Energy • : started as ARPANET and operated by federal govt; massive explosion of information when opened up to the public • Internet

9. : sometimes called “Reaganomics”; belief that govt should cut taxes in order to stimulate greater investment in the economy and therefore raise more money • Supply-Side economics • : massive growth of personal computer use throughout the 80s and 90s • Computer revolution • : founder of Microsoft; richest man in US • Bill Gates • : increased to unbelievable levels under the Reagan administration • National debt • : program offered by the Food and Nutrition Service which provides benefits to low-income people that they can use to buy food to improve their diets • Food stamps • : US electronic stock market • NASDAQ • : see supply side economics; belief that economic benefits of tax cuts will “trickle down” to those who did not get the cuts • “Trickle-down” theory

10. : January 1986 explosion of space shuttle which killed all astronauts on board including a civilian, the first teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe • Challenger disaster • : Pres Ford pardoned Nixon which hurt Ford’s popularity tremendously • Presidential pardon • : very close election won by Carter over Ford; very low turnout • 1976 election • : US President from 1977-1981 • Jimmy Carter • : US President from 1981-1989 • Ronald Reagan • : forgiveness • Amnesty • Elections of 1980-2000 • : conservative resurgence in 1980s • New Right Coalition • : more responsibility was given to the state and local govts by the fed govt during the 80s • New Federalism

11. : US is getting older on average • Graying of America • : coalition that voted for President Clinton in the 90s; more moderate or populist Democratic candidates • New Democrat • : third party candidate in 1992 and 1996 elections • Ross Perot • : President from 1993-2001; was impeached, but not convicted • Bill Clinton • : VP under Clinton; was involved in very close election against Bush in 2000 • Al Gore • : VP candidate for the Democrats during the 2000 election; unusual because he is Jewish • Joe Lieberman • : former Vietnam war POW; US Senator; ran for Republican Presidential nomination in 2000; supporter of campaign finance reform laws; • John McCain

12. : Republican Speaker of House during the Contract With America • Newt Gingrich • : new quotas for immigration during the 90s • Immigration Policy Act • : extremely close and bitter election of Bush over Gore • Republican Election of 2000 • : landmark case on affirmative action; it bars using a quota system in college admissions but affirms the constitutionality of programs giving advantage to minorities. • Regents of UC v Bakke 1978 • : belief that affirmative action discriminates against the members of the majority racial group; • Reverse discrimination