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Spread of Islam and Islamic Scholarship

Spread of Islam and Islamic Scholarship. The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632 – 661). 632 CE Muhammad died Caliph (spiritual leader) Capital was Mecca Muslims conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Egypt , & Syria Protected Christian sites in Jerusalem

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Spread of Islam and Islamic Scholarship

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  1. Spread of IslamandIslamic Scholarship

  2. The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632 – 661) 632 CE Muhammad died Caliph (spiritual leader) Capital was Mecca Muslims conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Egypt, & Syria Protected Christian sites in Jerusalem Definitive version of the Qu’ran

  3. The Umayyads (661 – 761) Moved capital to Damascus Copied Byzantine bureaucratic and economic practices Empire spanned from China’s border to Southern Europe & North Africa Battle of Tours in 732 stopped Muslim advance into Northern Europe

  4. Early Islamic Period, c. 750 - 1037 (includes the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Spanish Umayyad Periods) Presence of Islamic religion in 900 AD

  5. The Abbasids (761 – 1258) • Moved capital to Baghdad • Empire was too big so they granted power to local princes and sultans • Weakened cultural and religious unity • Regional/ethnic identities took over

  6. The Crusades Muslim lands were invaded by Christians sent by Pope Urban Salah al-Din recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 Crusades weakened Muslim forces Mongols captured Baghdad and destroyed it in 1258 Forces of Islam would remain decentralized after this

  7. Late Islamic Period, c. 1037 - 1918 Presence of Islamic religion in 1700

  8. Spread of Islam • Religious, political, and military goals were unified • Arabia was a crossroads of trade • Religious tolerance • Taxation • All taxes lower than before (Byzantines) • Muslims didn’t pay

  9. Spread of Islam • Simple – Doctrine & Myth are straightforward • Accessible – Easy conversion • Noble Virtues • Courage • Charity • Hospitality • Promise of afterlife in battle was attractive

  10. Islamic Scholarship

  11. Medicine • Caesarian operations • Used sedatives in operations • Cauterization • Removal of stone from the bladder • Surgery of eye, ear and throat • Amputation • Artificial teeth • Circulatory system • Treating mental illness

  12. Science • Optics • Astronomy • Astrolabe • Map of the night sky • Made telling time highly accurate • Solar Year • (365 d 5 h 46 m 24 s) • Alchemy • Sulfuric acid

  13. Math • Arabic numerals • Trigonometry • Algebra • Zero • Decimals • Integral calculus • Real numbers

  14. Copied the works of: Aristotle Plato Archimedes Hippocrates Ptolemy Knowledge from: Greece India China Scholarship

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