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HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION

HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION. BY Lynn Housner West Virginia University. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH . Fact Sheets. LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL INACTIVTIY . Physical inactivity & poor diet account for at least 300,000 (in 1990) preventable deaths.

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HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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  1. HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION BY Lynn Housner West Virginia University

  2. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH Fact Sheets

  3. LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL INACTIVTIY • Physical inactivity & poor diet account for at least 300,000 (in 1990) preventable deaths. • Only tobacco use accounts for more preventable deaths (400,000) • Physical inactivity increases the risk of dying prematurely from heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer, and the effects of high blood pressure (I.e.,stroke).

  4. 500,000 400,000 400,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 90,000 100,000 30,000 20,000 0 Tobacco Diet/Activity Alcohol Microbial Sexual Illicit use of agents behavior drugs Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 1990 Source: McGinnis JM, Foege WH. JAMA 1993;270:2207-12.

  5. 350 $286 300 250 200 $ in billions 150 $107 $98 100 50 0 CVD1 Cancer2 Diabetes3 Estimated Annual Direct and Indirect Costs of CVD, Cancer, and Diabetes in the U.S. (in $ billions) 1 - Health care and lost productivity costs (American Heart Association); 2 - Health care, lost productivity, and mortality costs (National Cancer Institute); 3 - Medical care costs and lost wages (American Diabetes Association)

  6. Estimated Annual Costs Attributable to Obesity and Cigarette Smoking in the U.S. Obesity1 • Direct health care costs: $39 - $52 billion • 4.0% - 5.7% of all health care costs • Indirect costs: $47 billion Cigarette Smoking2 • Direct medical care costs: $53 billion • 6.5% of all health care costs Sources: (1) Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Ob Res 1998;6:97-106; Allison DB et al. AJPH 1999; 88:1194-9 (2) Miller VP et al. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:375-91

  7. THE NEED FOR HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION • The percentage of overweight children has more than doubled in the past 30 years. • 5 million children are seriously overweight • Most obese children become obese adults and are at increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, and cancer

  8. 80% of adult smokers started smoking before they finished high school Source: U.S. DHHS. Surgeon General’s Report: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People, 1994 Why Target Youth?

  9. Why Target Youth? • The younger people are when they start using tobacco, the more likely they are to become dependent on nicotine • 25% of high school students smoked a whole cigarette before age 13* • Physical activity and dietary patterns may be established during childhood and adolescence *CDC, National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1997

  10. Why Target Youth? • Risk factors for heart disease and diabetes develop early in life Triglycerides LDC-Cholesterol HDL-Cholesterol (low) Insulin Blood Pressure

  11. Why Target Youth? • Risk factor trends are going in the wrong direction • Atherosclerosis is present in late adolescence

  12. Why Target Youth? • % of children, aged 5-10, with 1 or more adverse CVD risk factor levels: • % of children, aged 5-10, with 2 or more adverse CVD risk factor levels: 27.1% 6.9% Source: Freedman DS et al. Pediatrics 1999;103:1175-82

  13. Why Target Youth? • % of overweight children, aged 5-10, with 1 or more adverse CVD risk factor levels: • % of overweight children, aged 5-10, with 2 or more adverse CVD risk factor levels: 27.1% 60.6% 6.9% 26.5% Source: Freedman DS et al. Pediatrics 1999;103:1175-82

  14. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1997 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman)

  15. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1998 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman)

  16. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1999 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman)

  17. No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2000 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman)

  18. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

  19. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2002 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) (*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  20. Percent 11.4 12 10 9.9 8 6 4 2 0 1963-70 1971-74 1976-80 1988-94 Percentage of Ages 12-17, Overweight*, by Sex Females 4.5 Males 4.6 * >95th percentile for BMI by age and sex based on NHANES I reference data Source: Troiano RP, Flegal KM. Pediatrics 1998;101:497-504

  21. Percent 11.4 12 9.9 10 8 6 4 2 0 1963-70 1971-74 1976-80 1988-94 Percentage of Ages 6-11, Overweight*, by Sex Males 4.3 Females 3.9 * >95th percentile for BMI by age and sex based on NHANES I reference data Source: Troiano RP, Flegal KM. Pediatrics 1998;101:497-504

  22. Percent Black females 18 16 14 12 10 8 White females 6 4 2 0 1963-70 1971-74 1976-80 1988-94 Overweight (%) Age 6 to 11,*, by Race and Sex Black males White males * >95th percentile for BMI by age and sex based on NHANES I reference data Source: Troiano RP, Flegal KM. Pediatrics 1998;101:497-504

  23. Economic Costs of Obesity to U.S. Businesses in 1994 • Total costs: $12.7 billion • Health insurance expenditures: $7.7 billion • Paid sick leave: $2.4 billion • Life insurance: $1.8 billion • Disability insurance: $800 million • Approximately 5% of total medical care costs Source: Thompson D et al. Am J Health Promotion 1998;13(2):120-7

  24. Overweight Not overweight employees employees Average # sick 8.45 3.73 days Sick day costs $1,546 $683 Average health $6,822 $4,496 care costs Economic Costs Associated with Obesity in a Workplace Overweight=BMI>27.8 for men, >27.3 for women; n = 3,066 former bank employees Source: Burton WN et al. J Occup Environ Med 1998;40:786-92

  25. BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY • Builds Healthy Bones and Muscles • Builds Lean Muscle and Reduces Fat • Reduces Risk of Heart Disease, Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension, Osteoporosis, etc • Reduces Stress and Depression • Improves Fitness & Quality of Life

  26. STATEMENT ON EXERCISE FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION • “Regular aerobic physical activity increases exercise capacity and plays a role in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Inactivity is recognized as a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

  27. A.H.A. LABELS PHYSICAL INACTIVITYAS A FOURTH RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE • New York, July 1, 1992 - The American Heart Association today labeled physical inactivity, or lack of exercise, as a fourth risk factor for coronary heart disease along with smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels. Regular physical activity plays a significant role in preventing heart and blood vessel disease and there is a relationship between physical inactivity and cardiovascular mortality.

  28. WHY CHILDREN NEED HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION • Quality physical education can: • reduce the risk of heart disease • improve fitness • regulate weight • promote active lifestyles & health • reduce stress & depression • increase self-esteem & confidence • develop motor skills • improve goal setting & self-discipline

  29. PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & PHYSICAL EDUCATION • Half of young people aged 12-22 do not engage in regular vigorous activity. • Participation in physical activity is reported by 69% of 12-13 year olds, but only 38% of 18-21 year olds. • Participation in daily physical education continues to decline; particularly at the high school level. • Most elementary physical education is supervised by classroom teachers as ‘free play”.

  30. % of Parents of Children in Grades K-12 Who: • Want their kids to receive daily physical education: • Strongly agree that physical education helps children prepare to become active, healthy adults: 81% 64% Source: Survey by Opinion Research Corp. based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,017 adults, February 2000 (margin of error = +6%)

  31. % of Parents of Children in Grades K-12 Who: • Believe that physical education class does not interfere with children’s academic needs: 91% • Believe that children should concentrate on academic subjects at school and leave the physical activities for after school: 15% Source: Survey by Opinion Research Corp. based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,017 adults, February 2000 (margin of error = +6%)

  32. SPORT PLAY & ACTIVE RECREATION FOR KIDS (SPARK) • WHAT IS SPARK? • SPARK began in 1989 at San Diego State University when a team of researchers obtained a five year grant from the National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute to develop, implement, and experimentally evaluate a comprehensive health-related elementary physical education program.

  33. WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF SPARK? • To counter heart disease by facilitating engagement in regular physical activity during physical education classes and outside of school. • Because, studies indicate that children receive physical education irregularly & often get very little activity during class.

  34. SPARK classes are active (50% MVPA) SPARK promotes physical activity after school, on weekends, and during summers SPARK is teacher friendly SPARK consists of progressive units with each lesson pre-planned SPARK is written to comply with NASPE guidelines & State IGOs UNIQUE CHARACTERISITCS OF SPARK

  35. Enjoy & seek out physical activity (PA) Develop a variety of motor skills that will facilitate future involvement in physical activities Develop & maintain acceptable levels of fitness Develop the ability to get along with others in movement environments SPARK PHYSICAL EDUCATION OBJECTIVES

  36. Self-responsibility for PA programs Goal setting for PA & healthy food choices Behavior change strategies Injury prevention & safety Strategies for family & peer support Strategies to decrease sedentary behavior Understanding the relationship between PA, diet, & body composition SPARK SELF-MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

  37. SPARK can be taught effectively by classroom teachers and specialists SPARK positively affects the levels of MVPA SPARK facilitates MVPA, skill development & fitness Children like SPARK activities THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPARK: THE MOST WIDELY RESEARCHED CURRICULUM EVER

  38. SPARKS BASICS • B - Boundaries & Routines • A - Activity for the Get-GO • S - Stop & Start Signals • I - Involvement By All • C - Concise Instructional Cues • S - Supervision

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