1 / 25

Cambodia

Cambodia. Heather Allison Spring 2010. Quick Facts. Population: 14,562,00 Capital: Phnom Penh Size: 69, 898 sq. miles Language: Khmer Religion: 90% Theravada Buddhism, Muslim, Christianity Ethnic Groups: 96% Ethnic Khmer, Chan-Malays, Vietnamese, Chinese. Quick Facts.

tyrone-mayer
Télécharger la présentation

Cambodia

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Cambodia Heather Allison Spring 2010

  2. Quick Facts • Population: 14,562,00 • Capital: Phnom Penh • Size: 69, 898 sq. miles • Language: Khmer • Religion: 90% Theravada Buddhism, Muslim, Christianity • Ethnic Groups: 96% Ethnic Khmer, Chan-Malays, Vietnamese, Chinese

  3. Quick Facts • GDP: $11,250 Billion $823 per Capita • Currency: Riel $1 U.S. = 4,139.51 Riels • Population below Poverty ($1 a day): 1/3 • 90.5% rural areas • 7.2% urban areas • 2.3% Phnom Penh • Population Make-up: 80% live in rural areas • Exports: Rice, fish, timber, garments & rubber • Tourist industry • Political Make-up: Constitutional Monarchy • Prime Minister and Parliament

  4. Quick Facts • Child Mortality Rates are the highest in the region • 90 children out of 1,000 die under the age of 5 • 68 out of 1,000 die as infants • Life Expectancy: 61 years of age • HIV rate 15-49: 1.6%

  5. History • Angkor / Pre-French • Education done in wats • Education used to bring about loyalty and serve as a foundation for survival

  6. History • 1863 – French Treaty • Little done with education • Establishment of some Khmer-Franco schools • Modernized temple schools • 1942 – Japan and World War II • Different push for education • 1945 – Declared independence from France

  7. History • 1952 – Education Boom by Prince Sihanouk • “Cambodianization” • More facilities • Push French educational system • Push secondary education • Tertiary level expanded • Problems with “Cambodianization” • Moved too far from traditions • Not economically affordable • System did not meet the needs of the country • French education was opening the minds • 1953 – Declared complete independence from France • 1970 – Deposed of Prince Sihanouk

  8. History • March 1970 – Lon Nol elected • Khmerization • Change back to Khmer • Create skilled and qualified workforce • Balance among education levels • Civil War • Half of the country under guerrilla Communist control • Education was just not happening.

  9. History • April 17, 1975 – Democratic Kampuchea / Khmer Rough march into Phnom Penh • New Constitution • Everyone equal / Everyone works • Pol Pot’s Educational Thoughts • Knowledge of letters and numbers are needed for technology • You have to practice with the technology • Learning could only occur by cultivating political consciousness • Official contempt for education

  10. History • March 1979 – Vietnam Invasion • Schools started opening • New system based on Vietnam’s system • Socialism • 1989 – Constitution amended • Go back to Cambodian traditions and away from Communist ideals • September 1989 – Complete withdrawal of Vietnamese troops

  11. History • 1993 – Elections held • Prime Minister elected • Prince Sihanouk asked to be king again • Government led policies in place • Restoration of buildings • Textbooks • Teacher training • Improvements on exams • 1996 – National Curriculum put into place • Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports established

  12. Education • Literacy Rate: 76% of 15 and older • Primary School Enrollment: 89% • Pupil Teacher Ration: 51 • Students who go from primary to secondary: 79% • 1.6 Million children do not attend school full time • Percentage of students who do not have access to secondary education: 89 • Safety • Transportation • Girls needed at home • Cannot afford the education

  13. Education • Pre-School – not compulsory • 3 years • 10.6% enrolled • Primary Education – compulsory for ages 6 – 11 • 90% enrolled but some areas only 40% • Secondary Education • Lower Secondary – compulsory for ages 12 – 14 • 22.9% enrolled • Upper Secondary – not compulsory • 3 years • 11.6% enrolled

  14. Education Curriculum • National Curriculum • Schools, local communities, community groups, NGOs and private education providers are expected to develop programs to enrich the curriculum. • Education for All National Plan 2003-2015 • Equitable access to basic education • High Quality upper secondary provisions • Pro-poor financing policy • Efficient management of resources • Accountability through development standards

  15. Curriculum - Grades 1 - 10 • Khmer language and literature • Math • Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth and Environmental Studies) • Social Studies (History, Geography, Home economics, Art Education, Morals and Civics) • Foreign Language • Health, PE, and Sport • Local Life Skills Program

  16. Curriculum – Grades 11 and 12 • Compulsory • Khmer • PE/Health/Sport • Foreign Language • English • French • Math • Basic • Advanced

  17. Curriculum – Grades 11 and 12 • EVEP (Elective Vocational Education Program) • ICT/Technology • Accounting/Business management • Local Vocational Technology Subjects • Tourism • Art Education • Students who choose basic Math have 4 electives • Students who choose advanced Math have 3 electives • Study same subjects both years • Electives • Sciences • Physics • Chemistry • Biology • Earth and Environmental Studies • Social Studies • Moral/Civics • History • Geography • Economics

  18. Special Education • Is acknowledged in National Curriculum • Limited number of special education schools ran by charitable organizations • Little to no support for students and teachers in the mainstream

  19. Funding • 16% of GDP • 12.4% of Government budget • Almost have more money donated than given by government • Spending not equitable among levels, programs, or areas • Parents donating have some control

  20. Teacher Programs • Teacher training colleges train primary and secondary • 2 year program • 12 total years of education • Teach upper secondary • 1 year post graduate program at the Faculty of Pedagogy • Training focuses on academic upgrading not methodology or in-school teaching practices

  21. Higher Education • Tertiary level – 2-3 years • Bachelor’s – 4 years • Medicine and Dentistry – 7 years • 9 public higher ed institutions • 15 offer technical and professional training • Competitive • Schools give own test • There are no set curriculums or financial management regulations

  22. Educational Issues • Teachers • Instructed by National Curriculum to be more student centered but lack the skills • Lack teaching material • No support • Large class size • Double shift classes • Student – Teacher contact is low • High absentee from teachers • Teachers are not qualified • Salaries are low • Poor working conditions • Socioeconomic and professional status is low • Few incentives • Corruption in charging students

  23. Educational Issues • Gender • Women are considered lower status • Women’s role is household manager • Girls carry out more income generating activities • Social ideals that males have more intelligence • Lack employment opportunities • Safety concerns • Physical Needs • Shortage of school buildings • Shortage of core teaching materials • Instructional hours needed inadequate • Curriculum not implemented • No desks, chalkboards, walls, roofs, toilets

  24. Questions • What can we learn from Cambodia’s history relating to education? • What will it take for Cambodia’s educational system to really be effective or is it even possible? • Can we use anything from Cambodia’s current educational mindset?

  25. References Ayres, D.M. (2000). Anatomy of a Crisis. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu. Cambodia Cultural Profile http://www.culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-28.html Cambodia’s Leading Independent Development Policy Research Institute. www.cdri.org.kh/webdata/download/wp/wp10e.pdf Chandler, D. (2008). A History of Cambodia. Westview: Philadelphia. UNESCO Institute for Statistics http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4060&BR_Region=40515 UNESCO International Bureau of Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/Countries/WDE/2006/ASIA_and_the_PACIFIC/Cambodia/Cambodia.pdf Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. http://www.moeys.gov.kh/ UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_2190.html

More Related