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Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals: Body Structure, Function, and Homeostasis

Explore the foundational aspects of anatomy and physiology, from body organization to homeostasis maintenance. Learn about body planes, somatotypes, and body regions, and grasp the key concepts of anatomical positions and directional terms in healthcare fields.

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Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals: Body Structure, Function, and Homeostasis

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  1. Chapter 1Organization of the Body

  2. Scientific Method • Problem/Research • Hypothesis • Experiment • Data (collection) • Conclusion

  3. What is Anatomy? The study of the structure of an organism and its parts and the relationship between those parts. • Cytology: The study of cells • Histology: The study of Tissues What is Physiology? The study of how the body works.

  4. The characteristics of life • Responsiveness • Conductivity • Growth • Respiration • Digestion • Absorption • Secretion • Excretion • Circulation • Reproduction

  5. Levels of Organization In order from smallest to largest: • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ System • Organism

  6. Body Planes and Sectors • There are three: • The Sagittal Plane • The Frontal Plane • The Transverse Plane

  7. Somatotypes Categories of body build of physique • Once again, there are three: • Endomorph: A heavily rounded physique with an accumulation of fat. • Mesomorph: A muscular physique. • Ectomorph: A thin and often fragile physique.

  8. Homeostasis The body’s attempts to maintain equilibrium • The body will attempt to maintain a relatively constant state inside the body. • For example, humans sweat and shiver to control body temperature. • Negative feedback loop: The control systems attempt to inhibit whatever change is occurring. • Positive feedback loop: The control systems attempt to accelerate or amplify whatever change is occurring.

  9. Anatomical Position • This is the reference position.

  10. Body Cavities • Ventral Body Cavity • Thoracic Cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity • Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial Cavity • Spinal Cavity

  11. Body Regions • Axial • Appendicular

  12. Regions Abdominal

  13. Directional Terms Remember, the Anatomical position is the reference position. • Superior: Above • Inferior: Below • Anterior: Front (in front of) • Posterior: Behind • Medial: Middle • Lateral: To the side • Proximal: Closer to the center of the body • Distal: Away from the center of the body • Superficial: Closer to the surface of the skin • Deep: Deeper inside the body

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