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Understanding Carbon Chemistry: Bonds, Polymers, and Organic Compounds

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29 diapositives · 429 Views · Jul 23, 2014

This introduction to carbon chemistry covers the structure of carbon, types of bonds in organic and inorganic molecules, and the creation of polymers from simple monomers. Learn about organic compounds containing carbon, properties of carbon, and hydrocarbons like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Discover saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, different shapes of organic compounds, and the formation of rings in cyclic hydrocarbons. Get insights into alcohol compounds, isomers, and how to name them correctly.

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  1. Introduction to Carbon Chemistry

  2. D13 and D16 • D13 - Explain how the structure of carbon affects the types of bonds it forms in organic and inorganic molecules • D16 - Explain how simple chemical monomers can be combined to create linear, branched and/or cross-linked polymers.

  3. Reviewing concepts …. What are compounds? • Compounds consist of more than one element bonded together. What are covalent bonds? • The electrons are shared between the elements.

  4. What is organic chemistry? • What does the term “organic” mean to you? • In chemistry, “organic” describes a type of compound which contains carbon. • Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon.

  5. Organic Compounds • Organic compounds contain carbon. • These generally also contain H, and often O, N, S and P • Currently, there are almost 24 million known organic compounds

  6. Where can I find organic molecules? • Any part of a living thing is an organic molecule. • Even material which seems dead (hair, dry skin or fingernails) is made of organic molecules. • All of the food that you eat is organic, because we consume other organisms.

  7. Organic Compounds

  8. What are the unique properties of carbon? • Remember: Carbon has four (4) valence electrons, and can make four (4) covalent bonds. • Carbon atoms can form long “backbones” of large molecules. http://www.svsu.edu/partnership/curriculum/univ/chem112/ch24summary.htm http://physics.fortlewis.edu/Astronomy/astronomy%20today/CHAISSON/AT304/IMAGES/AAAKKIG0.GIF

  9. What can carbon do? Carbon can form • Single covalent bonds (C-C) with 2 shared e- • Double covalent bonds (C = C) with 4 shared e- • Triple covalent bonds (C = C) with 6 shared e- http://media.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2007/may/carbon/carbon400.jpg

  10. Hydrocarbons • These are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms • There are three types of these • Alkanes • Alkenes • Alkynes

  11. Alkanes • These are Hydrocarbons where all the Carbon to Carbon (C to C) bonds are single bonds • Basic molecular formula is CnH2n+2 • Name ends in -ane Methane CH4 Pentane C5H12 Nonane C9H20 Ethane C2H6Hexane C6H14 Decane C10H22 Propane C3H8Heptane C7H16 Butane C4H10Octane C8H18

  12. Examples of Alkanes

  13. Alkenes • Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. • These have the general formula CnH2n. • Name ends in -ene

  14. Examples of Alkenes

  15. Alkynes • Hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. • These have the formula CnH2n-2 • Name ends in –yne

  16. Examples of Alkynes

  17. Saturated Hydrocarbons • Have you ever heard of saturated fats? • If something is “saturated,” this means that there is the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible in the molecules. • Saturated hydrocarbons are organic molecules which have three characteristics • All carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds. • They contain the maximum amount of hydrogen • All are Alkanes

  18. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • These have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. • These will be: • Alkenes • Alkynes

  19. Organic Compounds can take many shapes • Straight Carbon Chains • Branched Carbon Chains • Rings of Carbon • These will have “cyclo-” in their name

  20. Carbon Backbones • Straight Chain – all of the carbons are in a single line

  21. Carbon Backbones • Branched Chain – carbon atoms form branches off of the main chain

  22. Cross-linkages • Chains of carbon (either straight or branched) can be cross-linked with other chains to form a net-like strong structure.

  23. Carbon Backbones Rings or Cyclic

  24. Hydrocarbon Varieties • An almost unlimited number of carbon compounds can be formed by the addition of a functional group to a hydrocarbon. • A functional group is an “add on” to the carbon backbone

  25. Alcohols • Alcohols are hydrocarbons with an –OH functional group called hydroxyl. • NOTE – this is NOT the same thing as the hydroxide ion which is found in bases. • Naming alcohols involves adding an “-ol” ending on the hydrocarbon’s name.

  26. Alcohol Example - Methanol CH3OH is methane with the hydroxyl functional group. This is called methanol

  27. Isomers • These are compounds that have the same numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the way the atoms are arranged. • They will have the same chemical formula, but will look different from each other.

  28. Examples of Isomers How many Cs and Hs are contained in each of these compounds? One is linear and one is branched.

  29. Homework • Read pp. 197-204 in the textbook. • Complete homework worksheet as you complete your reading