COLLEGE OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, MWEKA

1. COLLEGE OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, MWEKA TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATE IN WILDLIFE TOURISM Principles of Wildlife Tourism January 2014 By John S. Julius arranged by Deokitale Department of Wildlife Tourism Contact: 0789 606 882 Email; jojusanya@gmail.com

2. 1. Introduction to the Module 1.1. Concept and Definitions of tourism • Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries (Charles R. et al,2008) • For developing countries it is also one of the biggest income generators. • Tourism has many impacts to human life if the infrastructures and resources are not well managed. • There is a large number of international visitors from 25 million in 1950 to 650 million in 2000 (Roe et al 1997)

3. Concept and Definitions of tourism… • This is due to several factors that contributed to the increase in number of international visitors. • World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates show that in 2002 travel, tourism and related activities contributed 11% to the world’s GDP, rising to 12% by 2010. • Tourism is also the world’s largest employer, accounting for more than 255 million jobs, or 10.7% of the global labour force (WTTC 2002).

4. Concept and Definitions of tourism … • For the case of Tanzania; • Tanzania is blessed with a vast array of natural and cultural resources that are appreciated by tourists around the world.

5. Concept … • These include the highest free standing mountain in the world (Mt. Kilimanjaro), the famous Ngorongoro Crater, the vast plains of Serengeti, the attractive beaches in Zanzibar, and the game reserves. Although Tanzania has not yet adequately utilized this potential, tourism is nonetheless one of the leading sectors of the economy. • By having the management of Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), Tourism in Tanzania plays a vital role in the country’s economic development.

6. Concept and Definitions of tourism… • It contributes about 16% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and about 25% of the foreign exchange earnings. It also contributes about 14% of total investment and offers employment opportunities to over 300,000 people (MNRT Report, 2011). • Though the tourism industry has been growing at a rate of around 10% per year since 1995, it was hardly hit by the effects of the global economic crisis during 2009, through a slowdown in tourist arrivals (MNRT Report, 2011).

7. Concept … • These include the highest free standing mountain in the world (Mt. Kilimanjaro), the famous Ngorongoro Crater, the vast plains of Serengeti, the attractive beaches in Zanzibar, and the game reserves. Although Tanzania has not yet adequately utilized this potential, tourism is nonetheless one of the leading sectors of the economy. • By having the management of Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), Tourism in Tanzania plays a vital role in the country’s economic development.

8. Concept and Definitions of tourism… • It contributes about 16% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and about 25% of the foreign exchange earnings. It also contributes about 14% of total investment and offers employment opportunities to over 300,000 people (MNRT Report, 2011). • Though the tourism industry has been growing at a rate of around 10% per year since 1995, it was hardly hit by the effects of the global economic crisis during 2009, through a slowdown in tourist arrivals (MNRT Report, 2011).

9. Concept and Definitions of tourism… • The number of tourists who toured different areas of the country in 2009 went down to 714,367, from 770,376 in 2008, which represents a 7.3% decline. Proceeds dropped by 3.0% from US$ 1,198.76 million in 2008 to US$ 1,162.80 in 2009 (MNRT Report, 2011). • The government through the Tanzania Tourist Board (TTB), intensified its efforts to revamp domestic tourism. Following a promotion campaign, the number of local tourists grew by 19.3% in 2009 to reach 639,749. Additionally, TTB is currently targeting the newly emerging tourist markets such as China, India, Japan and Eastern Europe countries (MNRT Report, 2011).

10. Definitions of Tourism • Tourism is an activity which cuts across conventional sectors in the economy. It requires inputs of an economic, social, cultural and environmental nature. In this sense, it is often described as being multi-faceted. • A number of definitions on tourism exist, however they are more or less the same. Therefore in this module only few definitions will be considered as outlined below: • Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non – residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity (Hunziker & Krapf in Burkart & Medlik, 1981).

11. Definitions of Tourism… • Tourism is the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes (United Nations Statistical Commission, 1993). • The phenomenon arising from temporary visits (or stays away from home) outside the normal place of residence for any reason other than furthering an occupation remunerated from within the place visited (Burkart & Medlik, 1981).

12. Therefore, • tourism is the movement of people from the area of resident to the destination away from usual environment for the purposes such as leisure, pleasure, education, e.t.c for not less than 24 hours and not more than one consecutive year (12 months) with restriction of not economically gaining from the destination they visit.

13. Key issues in the definition of tourism • Movement of people • Stay in the destinations (including activities at the destinations) • Destinations are outside the usual places of work or residence • The staying in the destinations is temporarily (few days, weeks or months; not more than a year)

14. Cont. • Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or employment in the places visited • Minimum length of stay is one night (visitors who do not stay vomited are termed same day visitors of excursionists). • Maximum length of stay is one consecutive year • A distance consideration to delineate the tern ‘usual environment; WTO recommendation in not less than 160 kilometers.

15. 1.2 History and evolution of Tourism • The history and evolution of tourism worldwide is the same but there are some differences according to different authors. • Most of authors described tourism from the low rate of movement of people to the high rate of movement by identifying factors that boosted tourism. • According to (Lesley P et al, 2005) The history of tourism can be divided into four stages. These are pre-history stage, transport stage, inter-war stage and tourism take-off stage.

16. History and evolution of Tourism … • Pre-history stage • This is the medieval times and into the early 17c when the first signs of industrial growth began to affect the way of life which had been established over the century. • Gradual increase in wealth, the extension of merchants and professional classes, the effects of reformation and speculation of education stimulated the interests in other countries, and the acceptance of travel itself as educational force. • Also during this period people were travelling for pilgrimage purposes and many of people who were traveled were rich people.

17. History and evolution of Tourism … • Transportation stage /Railway stage (18-19c) • The railway age represented the second stage when steam trains and steam ships transformed travel opportunities. • Rapid growth of population and wealth created an enormous or massive new market in a short period of time. Mass travel was invented and with resort development. and • The introduction of travel trade of agents and tour operators with new marketing methods such as organized tours, travel packages and posters and brochures. These remain as they marketing tools today. • Development of accommodation and resort infrastructure generally followed expansion of transport capacity and traffic movement with some delay and uncertainty.

18. History and evolution of Tourism … • Inter-war period (1918-1939) • This is the third stage that represented the inter-war period between 1918-1939. • The full flowering of the age of railways and steam was halted abruptly by the First World War in 1914. As has happened before and since, they gave a great movement of some form of technical development very helpful in the longer term. • Notably the expansion of road transport and considerable investment in aviation.

19. Inter-war period (1918-1939)… • This was above all the age of the motor car. New fashion were introduced, in what might be called social tourism. through the extension of holidays with pay, • an extension in a variety of recreational and specialist leisure activities, • camping and caravanning, • the spread of youth hotels, • cheap transport and tours by motor coach. • A substantial growth in foreign travel occurred. • Once again expansion and experimentation was hindered by the great depression of 1930 and finally brought to a halt (bring to an end) by the Second World War in 1939-1945. -

20. History and evolution of Tourism … • Tourism Take-Off Stage (from 1945 to date) • This is the period from 1945, through the post-war years up to the present time. • This was an era of revolution in technology, massive industrial development and changes, which resulted in resulted acceleration in wealth creation and escalation of disposable incomes. • Far-reaching changes in individual life style and in personal and group communication have proved to be new factors moulding society. Furthermore, the speed and scale of change has greatly increased.

21. Tourism Take-Off Stage (from 1945 to date)… • The tourism take-off stage were featured with the following features;- • Increased of income generation and travel & leisure • Technical advancement in transport • and other forms of communication that strongly reinforced the economic factors favoring tourism expansion.

22. 1.3. Characteristics of tourism • Tourism arises from the movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. • There are two elements in all tourism: • the journey to the destination • and the stay including activities at the destination. • The journey and the stay take place outside the normal place of residence and work, so that tourism gives rise to activities, which are distinct from those of the resident and working populations of the places, through which tourists travel and in which they stay.

23. Characteristics of tourism … • The movement to destinations is of a temporary, • short – term character, • with intention to return within a few days, weeks or months. • Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or employment remunerated from within the places visited.

24. Some key words in Tourism • Visitor – Any person travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment • for less than 12 consecutive months • and whose main purpose of travel is not to work for pay in the place visited. • Tourist- anyone who visits a place other than his or her usual place of residence • for more that 24 hours • but less than 1 year for the purpose of recreation, holidays, sports, business, meetings, study, health, mission work and religion.

25. Some key words in Tourism… • Excursionist (Same day visitor) - a visitor travelling outside the normal place of his or her residence • for any of the reasons given for tourist, • but who stays for less than 24 hours at the destination. • Travel - refers to the act of moving outside of one’s home community for business or pleasure but not for commuting or travelling to and from school. • Traveller – Any person on a trip between two or more locations (WTO, 1995b, p17) - A traveller is a person at the starting point of the journey (airport, bus stand)

26. Tourism is the social phenomenon or industry involving PEOPLE (MARKETS) who, for purposes (MOTIVATIONS) other than remuneration… If tourists cannot get to the destination, no one can appreciate whatever it is that the place has to offer Determined by the travelers’ motivations for going on the trip. Different destinations for different motives. to PLACES (DESTINATIONS) other than their usual environment (place of residence). DESTINATION TRAVEL (by land, air, or sea)… Visitor markets = overnight tourists + excursionists visiting for the day TOURISTS ACCESS TOURISM = TRAVEL TO A DESTINATION

27. Poor accessibility means smaller market for local tourist businesses Generally, tourists choose the destination first. Then, they decide what to do at the destination. If nobody visits, there is no business for the spa at the destination. Attractions are pull factors that draw visitors to the destination. Attractions give visitors the reasons for choosing a particular destination over other choices. New infrastructure and transport services represent market opportunities. The demand for tourism businesses is local. It is a derived demand that comes from the demand for a given destination/location Tourism businesses have a vested interest in sustaining the quality of attractions, as well as in cooperating to promote the destination. TOURISTS ACCESS DESTINATION

28. Some key words in Tourism… • Leisure - this refers to a measure of time and is usually used to mean the time left over after work, sleep and personal and household chores have been completed. • This is the time that people have discretion over and during leisure time people can do what they want. • People in developed countries have got more leisure time than people in developing countries. • Recreation - this implies the varieties of activities undertaken during leisure time. • Such activities includes, sports, watching TV, home and public entertainment, reading, hobbies and pastimes, holiday abroad – sunbathing, swimming, game viewing, taking photographs, souvenir shopping, etc. • It is argued that recreation must be constructive and pleasurable such that it refreshes a person’s strength and spirit.

29. 1.4 Types of tourism • Tourism can be grouped into different types based on the criterion chosen. Examples are given below:  • Based on the source and destination: • Inbound tourism involves non-residents travelling as visitors in another country • Outbound tourism involves residents travelling as visitors in another country • International tourism is where by the source and destinations are two different countries. It consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism. • Domestic tourism is where by the source and the destination is the same country. • National tourism comprises domestic and outbound tourism • Internal tourism comprises domestic and inbound tourism

30. Based on the primary interest attractions • Wildlife tourism: • This is the tourism that the principal aim is enjoyment of wildlife and natural areas. This can be consumptive or non-consumptive tourism. It can be classified further into hunting, photographic, and game viewing tourism, etc depending on the principal activities likely to be conducted. • Beach tourism: • Coast has long been used for holidays and recreation throughout the world. They have been realised as resort attraction where the tourists are focusing on sand, sun and sea. The resources and attractions include sandy beaches, safe bathing plus a wide variety of activities like swimming, sunbathing, skiing, fishing, diving, scuba, boat cruising, etc.

31. Based on the primary interest attractions… • Cultural tourism: • This is the type of tourism that involves cultural attractions which are the physical or formal expressions of the culture of the community / country. • Such culture can be visited, exhibited and performed and they are part of tourism product. • For example music, drama, handcrafts, painting, dressing, etc. • Adventure tourism: • It calls for the tourists to visit adventurous areas with the focus of discovery and meet the real challenge of the environment.

32. Based on the primary interest attractions… • Mountain tourism: • This is the type of tourism that the primary resource and attraction is the mountain landscape and the associated vegetation and animals. The primary activity in such areas include hiking / climbing to the peak but also enjoying the wilderness, vegetation, and animals

33. Significance of tourism • Tourism has a number of significance that includes: • Revenue generation (foreign and local currencies) to the government through taxes, levies, licences, etc. • Income generation to individuals employed and involved in tourism business. • Tourism benefits justify the need for conservation of natural resources since it generates income. • Establishment and strengthening of cooperation and friendship between countries and individuals. • Through tourism infrastructures and facilities are developed and improved at a destination.

34. Significance of tourism • Development and improvement of the economic structure. • Development and improvement of social services and facilities. • Tourism promotes conservation of natural resources in the sense that it creates awareness of natural resources and the needs for conservation. • Tourism generates income that is used to finance natural resources conservation and protected areas management. • Over and above is the multiply effect of tourism on income, employment, sales

35. Psychology of Tourism • Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. • Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases,and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society

36. Psychology of Tourism • Psychology and can be classified as a • Social, • Behavioral, • Cognitive. • Normally tourism is subject to fluctuation of either increase or decrease in terms of number of visitors, receipts, and market share.

37. Psychology of Tourism • Psychology of tourism affects consumer behavior in travel and tourism. • These behaviours are caused by a number of factors of which in tourism are grouped into two main categories as • Demand and supply factors • Motivation factors

38. a. TOURISM DEMAND • Mathieson and Well (1982) – The total number of persons who travel, or wish to travel, to use tourists facilities and services at places away from their places of work or residence

39. APPROACHES TO STUDY TOURISM DEMAND • Economists- Tourism demand is measured in monetary returns gained within a period of time. Price, elasticity, quality. Revenue and Expenditure • Psychologists- Demand relates to motivation and behavior, personality, environment • Geographers- Demand based on geographic boundaries, demographics.

40. TYPES OF DEMAND • Effective or Actual Demand- People actually traveling at a point of time. • Potential Demand- People who could travel if motivated • Deferred/Postponed Demand- People who wish to travel, but are not traveling presently due to temporary reasons, of self or supply end • Suppressed Demand – People not interested in travel

41. CONCEPTS RELATED TO DEMAND • Demand Substitution- Demand for one activity is substituted by another. E.g. Camping to leisure cruise • Demand Redirection- Demand redirected to another product. Spain to Greece • Demand Generation- Creation of new demand on creation of new products

42. FACTORS DETERMINING TOURISM DEMAND • Individual • Economic • Geographic • Destination • Political • Non-economic factors

43. INDIVIDUAL FACTORS • Education and Awareness • Mobility • Age, Gender, Religion • Income and employment, disposable income, household income, • Paid holiday • Family Influence • Nature of Family-joint, nuclear • Stage of Family Life Cycle • Gap Year Opportunities

44. ECONOMIC FACTORS • Cost of Travel • Cost of Products • Competitive Prices • Exchange Rate

45. GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS • Seasonality • Accessibility, location and distance • Attractions Available • Urban or Rural population or Economy

46. DESTINATION FACTORS • Image – organic and induced • Promotion: travel channels, awareness, deals • Technology and development • Development Level • Credibility/ trustworthiness • Safety and Security • Attraction and Events • Quality of Product • Travel Formalities

47. POLITICAL FACTORS • Government regulation on supply and tourists • Visas, formalities, health checks, currency, prohibitions • Transport regulation, accessibility, bilateral agreements

48. NON-ECNOMIC FACTORS • Population; there is a decrease of birth rate, also employee are entitled to be paid holidays. • Leisure time activities; reduction of average working hours, working days, working months and years of life.

49. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM DEMAND • planned demand • Involves a lot of expenditure • There is no tangible return or purchase • Highly price elastic • Can be price inelastic too • Seasonality • Is not subject to law of diminishing returns • Changing demand patterns

50. COMPONENTS OF TOURISM SUPPLY • Infrastructure • Superstructure • Attractions • Marketing/Promotion • Accommodation • Amenities • Transport e.t.c