1 / 43

UV For Developing Countries

UV For Developing Countries. A new tool for the disinfection toolbox?. UV Disinfection. Prof. Bill Larsen’s system. First UC Berkeley UV Tube. Next Model. Sri Lankan Neighborhood Scale Installation. B9 Plastics Better Water Maker. Ultra-Violet Light. UVA (315 – 400 nm): sun tans

ulmer
Télécharger la présentation

UV For Developing Countries

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. UV For Developing Countries

  2. A new tool for the disinfection toolbox? UV Disinfection

  3. Prof. Bill Larsen’s system

  4. First UC Berkeley UV Tube

  5. Next Model

  6. Sri Lankan Neighborhood Scale Installation

  7. B9 Plastics Better Water Maker

  8. Ultra-Violet Light UVA (315 – 400 nm): sun tans UVB (280 – 315 nm): sun burns UVC* (200 – 280 nm): disinfection (*Nearly 100% filtered by the atmosphere.) Interferes with DNA Replication/ Reproduction

  9. History of UV Drinking Water Disinfection • 1910 Marseilles, France:UV is first used to treat drinking water. Abandoned for free chlorine (by-product of soda production) • 1970’s:Disinfection by-products discovered. UV disinfection of drinking water common in Europe. • 1990’s:Outbreaks in the US lead to concern that chlorine is not effective against some organisms. • March 1993: a cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee leads to 400,000 illnesses and 100+ deaths.

  10. Poly-alum added Sedimentation Lake Ontario Gravel, sand, and GAC filters Chlorine residual added Storage UV History of UV Water Disinfection • 1999: Town of Ontario, NY becomes the first community in North America to disinfect surface source drinking water with UV light. • Currently: there are over 1500 wastewater treatment plants using UV in the US.

  11. UV System Components • UV Bulbs and Ballast (AC or DC) • Mercury-argon lamps (an electrical arc ignites the mercury vapor which emits UV light) • Hopefor LEDs in the future… • Chamber • Quartz Sleeve • passes UV • maintains bulb temperatures • Sensor • to monitor bulb output • Cleaning Mechanism

  12. Mercury Vapor Bulbs • Like florescent bulbs except: • Quartz not glass • No phosphor coating • 88% of the output at 253.7 nm • Lamp is susceptible to cooling by the effluent • Limited Lamp Life—1 year continuous operation

  13. Determining Dose (Fluence) Dose (Fluence) = Intensity * Exposure Time (J/m2) (W/m2) (s) Function of bulb and water characteristics Function of hydrodynamics & Geometry of reactor

  14. Simple Microbial Response 0% inactivated 90% inactivated, 10% surviving 99% inactivated, 1% surviving 99.9% inactivated, 0.1% surviving 99.99% inactivated, 0.01% surviving 99.999% inactivated, 0.001% surviving

  15. ? and imbedded bacteria A More Complicated Response • Explanation of Shoulder • Threshold of DNA “hits” to inactivate? • Reactivation? • Explanation of Tailing • “Shielding” depends on particle absorbance • Imbedded bacteria • UV resistant bacteria

  16. Water Composition Turbidity • Can lead to scattering, reflection, blocking of microorganisms by particles • Considered negligible up to 5 NTU • Theoretically, overall intensity is not reduced, but, energy is lost through interactions with particulates • Embedded microorganisms present the real limitation • Precede by filtration or flocculation/sedimentation Absorption Coefficient • Certain particles absorb at germicidal wavelengths • Fe, sulfites, aromatic organics, humic acid, dechlorination with Sodium Thiosulfate • Presence can greatly increase attenuation

  17. UV Regulatory Standards US • 1966: Dept. Health, Education & Welfare – 160 J/m2 • 1999: NY State still required 160 J/m2 when I started working with UV • ~2000: WHO Recommends 380 J/m2 • 2002: ANSI/NSF Standard 55 set at 400 J/m2

  18. Bulb Holders UV Bulb Aluminum Plate Collimating Box Concentric Apertures Quasi Collimated UV rays Manual UV Shutter Petri Dish with sample and stir bar Magnetic Stir Plate Estimation of Dose (Fluence) • Biological Assays with Virus • Develop dose (fluence) inactivation relationship with Quasi Collimated Beam Apparatus • Measure Log inactivation in UV device

  19. MS2 Colifage response to UV

  20. Estimation of Dose • Chemical Actinometry • Photochemical reaction rate • Molecules react with UV photos • Products of the reaction used to determine quantity of photons absorbed (dose)

  21. p R H O i , j I N T E N S I T Y : = · e x p – ( s · R · w i , j 2 R p 4 · n · · R H O i , j x R RHO σw= abs of water Intensity y Dose Estimation: Point Source Summation ) • Bulb is considered a line of point sources distributing light equally in all directions • Intensity at each point is calculated as the sum of all point sources

  22. Benefits of UV • No known byproducts • Short contact time (sec, instead of min) • No danger of overdosing • Ability to inactivate cyst forming organisms (e.g. Giardia, Cryptosporidium) at doses used for water treatment • No transportation of hazardous chemicals

  23. Limitations Add chlorine residual • No residual disinfectant • Photoreactivation and dark repair possible • Bulb fouling • Organic constituents, hardness, algae and biofilm on quartz sleeve • Requires electricity • Shield from visible light for 1-2 hrs  Overdose • Clean sleeve • Suspend bulb

  24. Side View (transparent) 65 cm water outlet G-8 germicidal UV bulb water level Design: ss-PVC

  25. Figure 1: Cross Section and Side View of the Ferro Cement UV-Tube Cable Ballast Ferro cement cover Nut and Bolt Metal Cover Bulb Ferro cement trough Inlet Water Outlet Ferro Cement UV-Tube

  26. Constant Head Tank Flowmeter UV-Tube Mixing Tank with Pump Laboratory Testing All UV-Tube Designs • Microbial Testing • Hydrodynamic Tracer Tests • Materials Degradation Testing Bulb Studies • Cycling • Warm-Up Time

  27. MS2 Challenge Test

  28. MS2 Microbial Testing MS2 Fluence Response Curve Avg: 4.38 95% CI: 2.98 – 5.77 643 967 1292

  29. Rhodamine Tracer Testing • Pulse input with syringe • Samples every 3 seconds • Measure on spectrophotometer 555 nm

  30. Materials Degradation Interactions of UV-Tube Materials with UV in the presence of water… • Flow through, minimal flow. • Overnight test, 16 hours. • Vacation test, 8 days. • Total Evaporation, 35 days. Test for volatile organic compounds and metals.

  31. Materials Degradation Results • PVC alone  carcinogenic volatile organics • ABS alone  Benzene! • Galvanized steel  High zinc levels (taste) • Lined PVC  low levels of vocs, acceptable • Stainless with PVC endcaps  low levels, acceptable • Copper and aluminum have not been tested.

  32. Bulb Covers Cycling Timers Bulb Studies Cycling Study • One cycle daily: 12 hours on, 12 hours off • Four cycles daily: 3 hours on, 3 hours off • Twelve cycles daily: 1 hour on, 1 hour off Warm up Study

  33. UV Issues/Challenges • Electricity requirements • Safety: UV exposure and electric shock • Material interactions with UV • Water depth and hydraulics (UV dose) • Water Characteristics • Embedded Bacteria • Fe, sulfites, aromatic organics, humic acid, & dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate absorb UV • Safe storage (no residual disinfectant) • Bulb life • *****Dissemination *****

  34. Important Facts: • UV is bad for your eyes, skin • Turbidity, chemicals affect UV transmittance • Bulb life is limited • Water depth and hydraulics are important • No residual disinfectant

  35. Materials and UV-C • Reflects UV: • Aluminum • Reacts with UV: • PVC • ABS • Other plastics? • Blocks UV: • Glass • Plexiglass • Transmits UV: • Quartz • Teflon

  36. Design Features: • Effective • Eliminate microorganisms • Portable or built in place • Size, weight • Construction • Simple • Local materials • Simple tools

  37. Design Features: • Reliable • Easy operation • Little maintenance required • Long term use • Cheap! • Fast (2 lpm or more) • Safe • NO UV Exposure • Visual cue telling if light is on or not

  38. Challenges • Compatible with 15 W (G15T8) or 30 W (G30T8) UV bulb • 12 V DC or 110 V AC ballast • Flow regulation • Filtration • Uniform and optimal UV exposure

  39. The Biggest Challenge: Final production price: < $100 US

More Related