How do buildings get built ?

1. How do buildings get built ? ……...and why nothing can go wrong. go wrong. go wrong. go wrong…..

2. How do buildings get built ? • Ability to influence construction cost. • What the client wanted: a human perspective on construction. • Consider a door…. • Traditional drawings • Potential problem areas • Are construction companies conservative ?

3. Ability to Influence Construction Cost

4. What the client wanted… Original idea and sketches by Dave Taylor, quoted in Walker,A. “Project Management in Construction”

5. Consider a door… • The actors; • Client, architect, project manager, structural engineer, HVAC, lighting, safety, acoustic, interior decorator, permit reviewer, estimator, general contractor, suppliers, carpenter, painter, glazer, building inspector, cleaner. • 18 !

6. Consider a door… • The documents; • brief, program, sketch, concept plans, estimate, renderings, permit documents, detail plans, door schedule, specification, codes, regulations, quantity take-off, estimate, bill of materials, RFI, tender, submission, contract, schedule, [tender, submission, order, production drawings, production schedule, inventory lists, invoice, delivery note, account], change-order, as-built quantity, accounts, as-built drawing, maintenance specification. • 34 types !

7. Consider a door… • The drawings; • brief, program, sketch, concept plans, estimate, renderings, permit documents,detail plans, door schedule, specification, codes, regulations, quantity take-off, estimate, bill of materials, RFI, tender, submission, contract, schedule, [tender, submission, order, production drawings, production schedule, inventory lists, invoice, delivery note, account], change-order, as-built quantity, accounts, as-built drawing, maintenance specification.

8. sketch

9. concept plans

10. rendering

11. building systems& detailing

12. door schedule , specifications Item Number: D-5 Type: Quantity: Finish: Hardware: Glazing: Screens: Blinds: Notes:

13. production drawings

14. delivered, and built:

15. Information flows Structural HVAC Architect Lighting Safety Project manager Acoustic Estimator Decorator General Contractor Permit Inspector Carpenter Painter Glazer Client Suppliers

16. Generating and Communicating Information • What are the products of the process ? • Drawings and Documents. • What are drawings for ?

17. Vitruvius (ca 75-20 BC)

18. Drawings on site

19. Drawings in production

20. Generating and Communicating Information • What are drawings for ? • Storage and communication. • Is there an alternative ?

21. Problem areas • Communication • Representation and Comprehension • Change and Consistency • Knowledge (design errors), Expertise, Skills • Static (do not support modeling)

22. The construction industry - conservative or dynamic ? • Conservative – resistant to change? • Construction professionals? • Contractors? • Sub-contractors? • You? • Fragmentation, Diversity, Instability • Lacking Process Flow and Controls

23. Major barriers to innovation in homebuilding (Hendrickson): • demand instability • lack of retained earnings, • industrial fragmentation • lack of concentration of capital, • building codes • lack of uniformity, • complexity of change process.

24. Summary:How do buildings get built ? • Ability to influence construction cost. • Reduced as project progresses. • What the client wanted. • Different players have different perspectives • Consider a door…. • Production of buildings involves design, detailing, fabrication, procurement, installation, etc. , and relies on multiple representations of each part, in drawings and textual documents.

25. Summary:How do buildings get built ? • Role of traditional drawings • Storage AND communication of design information • Potential problem areas • Communication, Representation and Comprehension, Change and Consistency, Knowledge Expertise & Skills, Static • Are construction companies conservative ? • Fragmentation, Diversity, Instability • Lacking Process Flow and Controls