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Articulations

Articulations. Points of contact between bones (Joints). Synarthroses Fibrous Joints. Amphiarthroses Cartilaginous Joints. Diarthroses Synovial Joints. Most mobile joints Most numerous joints Most complex joints Structures

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Articulations

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  1. Articulations Points of contact between bones (Joints)

  2. SynarthrosesFibrous Joints

  3. AmphiarthrosesCartilaginous Joints

  4. DiarthrosesSynovial Joints • Most mobile joints • Most numerous joints • Most complex joints • Structures • Joint Capsule – sleevelike casing around ends of bones to bind them together • Synovial Membrane – membrane lining capsule; secretes synovial fluid • Articular Cartilage – cartilage covering articular surface of bones • Joint Cavity – small space between articulating surfaces • Menisci – pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones • Ligaments – strong dense white fibrous tissue that hold bones of a synovial joint firmly together • Bursae – synovial membranes filled with synovial fluid; cushions joints and help movement of tendons

  5. Types of Synovial Joints Thumb Between radius and carpals uniaxial Between C1 & C2 Shoulder, hip biaxial Elbow, knee multiaxial Vertebrate

  6. Shoulder Joint (ball and socket)

  7. Hip Joint (ball and socket)

  8. Knee Joint (hinge)

  9. Vertebral Joints (gliding)

  10. Range of Motion (ROM) • ROM assessment used to determine extent of joint injury • Goniometer – instrument used to measure ROM

  11. Angular Movements Hyperextension

  12. Circular Movements Circumduction

  13. Gliding Movements

  14. Special Movements Eversion Inversion

  15. Noninflammatory Joint DiseasesOsteoarthritis • Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) • most common NIJD of moveable joints • Wear and tear deterioration • Atrophy of articular cartilage • Formation of new bone at joint surface • Most common in weight-bearing joints (hips, lumbar spine, knees) • Symptoms: stiffness, pain, limited movement • Cause: unknown • Treatment: none to stop progression • Treatment for symptoms: NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) • aspirin, ibuprofen, Celebrex, Vioxx

  16. Noninflammatory Joint DiseasesTraumatic Injuries - Dislocation • articular surfaces of bones not in proper contact • can damage blood vessels and nerves • can tear ligaments • pain and swelling • Treatment: realignment

  17. Noninflammatory Joint DiseasesTraumatic Injuries - Dislocation

  18. Noninflammatory Joint DiseasesTraumatic Injuries – Meniscus Tear • one of most common athletic injuries • severe tears produce: edema, pain, • instability, limited motion • Treatment: arthroscopic surgery

  19. Normal Meniscus Linear Tear of Medial Meniscus

  20. Noninflammatory Joint DiseasesTraumatic Injuries – Sprain • acute musculoskeletal injury to ligaments surrounding joint • Cause: twisting movement • Symptoms: bruising from rupture of blood vessels, limited motion

  21. Inflammatory Joint DiseasesArthritis - Rheumatoid Arthritis • chronic and systemic inflammatory connective tissue disease • Cause: unknown • Inflammation of synovial membrane, destruction of cartilage, bone erosion, progressive crippling and deformity • Small joints effected first (hand, wrist, feet) but progresses to larger joints • Symptoms: pain, inflammation, decreased mobility, aching, stiffness, fever, anemia, weight loss, profound fatigue • May cause damage to blood vessels, eyes, lungs, heart • Treatment: Corticosteroid drugs reduce immune activity along with NSAIDs to relieve pain and inflammation

  22. Inflammatory Joint DiseasesArthritis - Rheumatoid Arthritis

  23. Inflammatory Joint DiseasesArthritis – Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis • more severe than adult form • more common in girls • destroys cartilage growth and stops long bone growth

  24. Inflammatory Joint DiseasesArthritis – Gouty Arthritis • metabolic disorder in which excess uric acid (nitrogenous waste) in blood deposits crystals within synovial fluid and other tissues • chronic inflammation and tissue damage • Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, pain in fingers, wrists, ankles, knees, elbows • Treatment: Allopurinol – drug to inhibit uric acid synthesis

  25. Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gouty arthritis

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