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Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Topics you are not responsible for: molar concentration End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 & 3 Do all mQuiz questions. Question. Amyloid Plaques. AB 42 > AB 40. What causes Alzheimer's disease?

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Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

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  1. Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not responsible for: molar concentration End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 & 3 Do all mQuiz questions Question Chemical Building Blocks

  2. Amyloid Plaques AB42 > AB40 What causes Alzheimer's disease? Amyloid precursor protein  β-Amyloid APP is an integral membrane protein Processing by ‘protease’-type enzymes (α-, β-, γ-secretase) β-Amyloid plaque formation Do β-Amyloid plaques cause disease? What increases risk of getting Alzh. Dis.? Increases in AB or more AB42 -- mutations to APP -- mutations to secretases -- mutations to apolipoprotein E (apoE) Chemical Building Blocks

  3. What are the fundamental properties of organic molecules? What are “organic” molecules? What are hydrocarbons? Molecular representations Chemical Building Blocks

  4. What “functional” groups occur on biological molecules? -- Know these! e.g. Cysteine Chemical Building Blocks

  5. What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules? Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Carbohydrates What are the molecular building blocks (subunits) of each? Question Chemical Building Blocks

  6. How are macromolecules built (synthesized) from subunits? Dehydrolysis (condensation) Rxs …And broken apart (degraded)? Hydrolysis Rxs Chemical Building Blocks

  7. Proteins • Proteins have diverse structures; • which reflects their function • What are some of the • functions of proteins? • Enzymes!! • Molecule Transport • Gene regulation • Cell movements • Hormones • etc… Chemical Building Blocks

  8. What are the different types of amino acids? How are AAs similar/different In structure? How many AAs are there? Chemical Building Blocks

  9. H- OH How are amino acids linked together in proteins? The “peptide bond” C-terminus and N-terminus Amino end Carboxyl end Models Chemical Building Blocks

  10. What are the four levels of protein structure? •  All proteins have 1O, 2O and 3O structure • -- some have 4O • What is Primary (1O) structure? • e. g., N – ALA – LYS – PHE – GLU etc. – C Chemical Building Blocks

  11. What is Secondary (2O) structure? • α-helices & β-sheets • What is Tertiary (3O) structure? • What is Quartenary (4O) structure? Models Chemical Building Blocks

  12. What determines and stabilizes protein tertiary structure? Amino acid sequence Bonding Hydrophobic exclusion Chaperone proteins Question Chemical Building Blocks

  13. What happens if protein structure is disrupted? Denaturation What causes denaturation? heat detergents ionic conditions pH Loss of function Animation Chemical Building Blocks

  14. What are some other characteristics of proteins? What are … Prosthetic groups? e.g., HEME Coenzymes? -- e.g., NADH Cofactors? -- e.g., Mg++ What is a catalytic site? Models Chemical Building Blocks

  15. What are the functions of carbohydrates? Energy storage Energy transport Structure Molecular Recognition Chemical Building Blocks

  16. What are the properties of … Mono- & Disaccharides? Oligosaccharides? Why can oligosaccharide structure be very complex? Question Chemical Building Blocks

  17. What are some important polysaccharides? Energy storage Starch & glycogen Structural cellulose & chitin Starch and Cellulose differ only in bonds between glucose Starch Cellulose α-linkage β-linkage Models Chemical Building Blocks

  18. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? Nucleotides ribo-nucleotides deoxy-ribo purines pyrimidines Chemical Building Blocks

  19. How are nucleotides linked in a DNA strand? Covalent bonds within strands 3’ – 5’ Complementary base-pairing Hydrogen bonds Models Question Chemical Building Blocks

  20. What are the functions of Lipids? Energy storage -- triglycerides (fats) Membrane structure -- phospholipids Signaling molecules -- steroidal hormones Other specialized functions What property do all lipids share? Chemical Building Blocks

  21. How does structure and function relate in: … Phospholipids? -- amphipathic … Triglycerides? -- hydrophobic Models Question Chemical Building Blocks

  22. How does fatty acid saturation affect the properties of triglycerides? Fluidity Metabolism The odd history of “Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils” & “Trans-fatty acids” Chemical Building Blocks

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