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Chapter 12 - Answers. 1. The Zionist was a response to the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe well before the rise of Hitler. Jews from around the world were looking for a homeland, and slowly a migration back to the Palestinian Protectorate.
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1. The Zionist was a response to the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe well before the rise of Hitler. Jews from around the world were looking for a homeland, and slowly a migration back to the Palestinian Protectorate.
2. . Part of the actual text of the Balfour Declaration reads: • "...his Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of that object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." • (The 20th Century Almanac, New York: World Almanac Publications, 1985, p. 116)
3. The Arab states were opposed to the creation of the state of Israel.
4.Nasser wanted modernize Egypt, build-up the armed forces, and expel colonial influences, although he did obtain financial assistance from the USSR.
5. Israel wanted to destroy Egypt's ability to threaten Israel, so it participated in the Anglo-French plans to gain control of the Suez Canal by agreeing to attack Egypt. In 1956, the British and French wanted to re-establish their colonial might. Their actions could be interpreted asthe last gasp of European imperialism, because the actions of the French, British, and Israeli forces very much resembled the gun-boat diplomacy of the early 1900s.
6. The US took the issue to the UN. The US regarded Israel as being within its sphere of influence and wanted secure access to Middle East oil. It did not want the French and the British to continue to treat the Middle East as parts of their spheres of influence.
7. The Soviets were preoccupied with the Hungarian Revolution during the crisis, but did increase their economic and military aid to Arab states afterward.
8. The UN called for a ceasefire and the withdrawal of all foreign forces from the area, and sent a peacekeeping mission to maintain aninternational presence.
9. Israel gained the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank and the Golan Heights, improving its defensive position.
10. The Yom Kippur War was a surprise attack on Israel. Egypt hoped to regain the territory it had lost in 1967, which the Israelis had refused to return through negotiation. Syria also attacked Israel on the Golan Heights. The Israeli counterattack was successful. The war was ended by a UN sponsored ceasefire obtained by the US. The US began peace talks as a result of this war.
1 1. The Camp David Peace Accord officially ended the state of war between Israel and Egypt, returned the Sinai to Egypt, and established diplomatic relations between the two countries.
12. The Palestinian issue was not resolved. The PLO remained committed to terrorist attacks, and the Palestinian refugees remained in camps. The Israeli occupation of the West Bank continued to be a problem. In spite of the extension of Israel's borders through war, it never achieved stability. Arabs came to realize that military action would not necessarily lead to a defeat of Israel, and that other methods, such as terrorism, might be more successful.
13.The Yom Kippur War led to the creation of OPEC, an attempt by Arab nations to create an economic crisis in the Western world. This action showed just how vulnerable Western nations were to an Arab oil boycott.
14.The Iran-Iraq War was caused by Iraq's desire to overthrow Khomeini and establish itself as the dominant power in the Persian Gulf. Iran was an Islamic fundamentalist state reversing the trend to modernization, and Iraq was a Ba'athist state, secular, nationalistic, and interested in modernization.
15. Both countries were devastated and encountered severe economic problems. The US increased its naval strength, and the world was concerned about the use of chemical weapons and Iraq's determination to become a nuclear power.
16. • One cause of the Gulf War was Iraq's need for hard currency to repay its debts from the Iran-Iraq War. Saddam Hussein charged Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates with over-production at the OPEC conference, and hoped to force Kuwait into paying an indemnity to make up for the low oil prices by massing troops on the border. • The most powerful country in the Persian Gulf region, Iraq also felt it had been given a free hand by the American ambassador and therefore by the American government to attack Kuwait. • In addition, the Iraqis have always believed that Kuwait belonged to them.
17. The Americans wanted to contain Soviet influence, retain secure sources of Middle Eastern oil, limit Arab radicalism, and continue to support Israel.
18. The USSR's major concerns were the security of its southern boundaries and its inability to promote Communist philosophy successfully in Islamic areas.
19. The US did not gain stability for Israel, and alienated Arab states by its support for Israel. The Soviet Union never obtained long-term or reliable allies in the Middle East.
